j coMPiimmr  * ; 

ROLFE  GOEljElOtl 


Return  to  Nature 

Little  children  delight  in  nakedness.  Aside  from  the  demands 
of  civilization,  clothes  seem  to  be  necessary  in  these  northern 
lands  to  protect  the  body  from  cold,  but  every  day,  in  a warm 
room,  small  children  should  enjoy  the  invigorating  pleasure  that 
comes  to  them  in  freedom  from  their  more  or  less  burdensome 
apparel,  and  exercise  with  the  air  in  contact  with  their  bodies. 


The  HOME 
PHYSICIAN 


Compiled  by 

ROLFE  COBLEIGH 

Associate  Editor  of  American  Agriculturist 
With  the  Advice  and  Assistance  of 

ERDIX  T.  SMITH,  M.  D. 

Practicing  Physician,  and  Surgeon  to  Wesson 
Memorial  Hospital,  Springfield,  Mass, 

THE  KBWgy  BP  THE 

IS  1933 

Uni  VEfiSJ  jy  lyiyF  it  I j M 15^ 


ORANGE  JUDD  COMPANY 

Chicago  Springfield,  Mass.  New  York 


0>mtI6HT,  191(^  B7 
ORANGE  JUDD  COMPANY 
AU  Rights  Reserved, 


U \ 

CU%Vs 


% 

> 

BLESSED  health  I thou  art  above 

1 

all  gold  and  treasure;  ’tis  thou  who 

enlargest  the  soul,  and  openesi  all  its 

powers  to  receive  instruction,  and  to  relish 

virtue.  He  that  hath  thee  hath  little  more 

to  raish  for!  and  he  that  is  so  wretched  as 

to  want  thee,  wants  eOerytldng  with  thee. 

^ ^ 

— \Sterne. 

.CK^ 

^ 4 

^ 

f 

^ J 

' si 

■4 

V 

There  are  three  wicks  you  know  to  the  lamp  of  a 
man’s  life — ^brain,  blood  and  breath.  Press  the 
brain  a little,  its  light  goes  out,  followed  by  both  the 
others.  Stop  the  heart  a minute,  and  out  go  all 
three  of  the  wicks.  Choke  the  air  out  of  the  lungs 
and  presently  the  fluid  ceases  to  supply  the  other 
centers  of  flame,  and  all  is  soon  stagnation,  cold 
and  darkness. — [Holmes, 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


Page 

Introduction  * 7 

How  to  Avoid  Sickness ii 

Simple  Home  Remedies 31 

Cures  Without  Drugs  39 

Nursing  49 

The  Baby 66 

Medicines  72 

Diseases  113 

More  About  Hygiene 234 


The  Conservation  of  Human  Life.#  241 

Index  . . . ...  . t ...  • #c»  • • ...  • . n«  231 


Physicians,  of  all  men,  are  most  Happy ; whatever 
good  success  soever  they  may  have,  the  world  pro- 
claimeth;  and  what  faults  they  commit,  the  earth 
covereth. — [Quarles. 

But  nothing  is  more  estimable  than  a physician 
who,  having  studied  nature  from  his  youth,  knows 
the  properties  of  the  human  body,  the  disease  which 
assails  it,  the  remedies  which  will  benefit  it,  exer- 
cises his  art  with  caution,  and  pays  equal  attention 
to  the  rich  and  poor. — [Voltaire. 


INTRODUCTION 


EALTH,  happiness  and  success 
naturally  go  together.  Because 
they  do,  and  because  each  is  so 
dependent  upon  each  other  and  in- 
separably combined,  when  we 
seek  one  wisely  we  seek  all.  Thus 
only  is  life  -made  worth  living. 
There  may  seem  to  be  a few  exceptions,  but  one 
cannot  fairly  challenge  the  rule  that  good  health 
is  the  foundation  of  achievement.  Ever  since  the 
printed  page  came  into  being,  men  have  been  mak- 
ing books  and  trying  to  tell  men  how  to  deal  with 
the  great  problem  of  disease.  Thousands  of  books 
are  upon  the  market  that  set  forth  more  or  less 
truthfully,  more  or  less  intelligibly,  and  more  or 
less  completely,  the  facts  that  relate  to  the  phys- 
ical health,  the  nature  and  treatment  of  diseases. 
Wise  and  consecrated  men  have  devoted  their  lives 
through  all  ages  to  the  study  of  the  various 
branches  of  this  subject.  From  the  darkness, 
mystery  and  error  of  long  ago,  constant  and,  in 
our  time,  rapid  progress  has  been  made  in  the  dis- 
covery of  the  causes  of  disease,  and  the  ways  and 
means  of  most  effectively  treating  it.  A treatise 
on  any  given  disease  written  a few  years  ago  may 
be  entirely  obsolete  today.  Things  which  were 
guessed  at  a while  ago  may  have  since  been  en- 
tirely proved  or  disproved.  Medical  writers  have 
never  been  able  to  say  the  final  word  in  the  past. 


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and  cannot  even  today.  This  means  that  many  of 
the  books  that  we  have  been  inclined  to  look  upon 
as  authoritative  are  of  little  value  now,  and  new 
books  are  needed  to  tell  the  new  facts  that  the  new 
days  have  brought  us. 

We  have  thought  we  were  performing  what  is 
likely  to  prove  to  be  a real  public  service  in  com- 
piling The  Home  Physician.  Next  to  the  Bible 
there  is  no  book  that  any  of  us  needs  so  much  as  a 
reliable  book  telling  us  what  we  ought  to  know 
about  the  care  of  our  bodies.  At  the  time  The 
Home  Physician  is  written,  there  is  no  other  book 
of  like  moderate  size  which  contains  so  much  reli- 
able information  about  the  nature  and  treatment 
of  diseases  and  the  proper  care  of  the  body  as  does 
this  volume.  It  is  not  intended  to  take  the  place 
of  the  good  family  doctor,  but  to  supplement  his 
services,  and  to  help  our  friends  to  take  better  care 
of  themselves  and  their  families,  to  the  end  that 
they  may  be  happier,  more  efficient,  better  in  every 
sense,  and  may  live  longer  in  the  world.  We  do 
not  intend  to  exhaust  the  subjects  treated  nor  to 
tell  all  that  is  worth  telling  and  knowing  about 
them.  Of  course,  we  could  not  do  so.  We  have 
tried  to  gather  together  and  present  in  language 
that  all  can  understand  just  as  many  of  the  most 
important  things  as  the  space  of  one  book  of  con- 
venient size  will  hold.  Special  care  has  been  taken 
to  exclude  doubtful  theories  and  to  include  well- 
proven  facts.  We  have  tried  to  bring  our  informa- 
tion up  to  date,  in  several  instances  including  dis- 
coveries that  have  been  made  within  a year. 


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9 


Tpie  Guesswork  of  Doctoring 

The  practice  of  medicine  cannot  be  termed  an 
exact  science.  Men  have  not  yet  been  able  to 
formulate  and  attach  fixed  and  invariable  rules  with 
reference  to  the  functions  and  diseases  of  the  vari- 
ous parts  of  the  body.  There  are  many  things 
about  certain  organs  that  are  not  yet  understood 
by  the  wisest  men.  Then  there  is  another  fact  al- 
ways to  be  remembered,  that  there  is  a great  dif- 
ference in  people.  The  difference  may  be  broadly 
described  as  a difference  of  temperament.  A cer- 
tain disease  manifests  itself  differently  in  different 
persons  and  certain  medicines  have  often  exactly 
opposite  effects  on  different  persons. 

' Then,  in  the  matter  of  drugs  and  other  remedies 
used  in  the  treatment  of  diseases,  there  is  much  yet 
to  be  learned.  One  of  the  very  good  reasons  why 
those  of  us  who  are  not  physicians  should  not 
meddle  with  most  drugs  without  expert  advice  is 
that  even  the  best  educated  experts  do  not  know 
all  about  most  of  those  drugs  themselves,  and  seri- 
ous, often  fatal,  results  follow  not  only  an  overdose 
of  a certain  preparation,  but  its  use  at  all  under 
certain  conditions. 

One  of  the  warnings  which  cannot  be  too  often 
repeated  nor  too  greatly  emphasized  is  not  to  use 
drugs  without  the  advice  of  a physician,  unless  you 
are  absolutely  certain  that  no  harm  can  result  from 
the  particular  drug  in  question  when  used  for  the 
particular  purpose  receiving  attention.  And  with 
this  should  always  go  another  warning:  Do  not 

delay  sending  for  a physician  when  symptoms  of 


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disease  are  manifested  which  may  indicate  some- 
thing serious.  Many  ailments,  treated  promptly  as 
they  should  be,  do  not  prove  at  all  serious,  but 
delay  in  such  treatment  may  be  a matter  of  life 
and  death. 

Caution  and  Precaution 

There  are  certain  standard  drugs  that  may  be 
depended  upon  for  certain  purposes  which  every 
family  should  always  keep  on  hand.  But  it  is  a 
pretty  good  rule  to  avoid  the  use  of  drugs,  except 
when  prescribed  by  a physician,  and  to  use  instead 
simple  home  remedies  that  are  not  drugs.  It  ought 
to  make  one  pretty  serious  and  thoughtful  in  this 
matter  of  treating  diseases  when  we  reflect  that 
a very  large  part  of  all  the  doctoring  is  a matter 
of  guesswork.  If  the  guess  is  wrong,  the  patient — 
or  victim,  perhaps,  he  should  be  called — may  die. 
This  is  one  of  the  many  reasons  why  the  ounce  of 
prevention  should  always  be  considered  before  the 
pound  of  cure. 

We  would  not  disparage  for  a moment  the  won- 
derful achievements  of  men  of  science  in  the  great 
fields  of  medicine  and  modern  surgery.  The 
achievements  of  these  men  to  a remarkable  degree 
have  lengthened  life,  eased  suffering,  and  added  im- 
measurably to  the  happiness  and  powers  of  man- 
kind. In  these  days  it  is  truer  than  ever  before 
when  we  say,  While  there  is  life  there  is  hope.” 
The  list  of  so-called  incurable  diseases  is  steadily 
growing  less.  There  are  only  a very  few  now 
which  cannot  be  successfully  treated,  if  treated 
properly  in  their  earliest  stages. 


bw  t^ojssrojD 
sSlCKNE^S 


HERE  is  no  more  appalling  fact 
in  this  world  than  the  great  waste 
that  attends  human  life  and  things 
that  man  does  and  endures.  If 
the  life  of  every  man  and  woman 
could  be  at  least  three  score  years 
and  ten,  and  during  that  span 
every  man  and  woman  could  be  well,  how 
mightily  would  be  multiplied  the  possibilities 
of  achievement,  of  material  production,  of 
mental,  moral  and  physical  progress!  The  average 
life  is  one-half  cut  off  by  disease  and  the  half  that 
remains  is  half  wasted  by  bodily  ailments.  A large 
part  of  all  this  waste  and  the  attendant  suffering 
and  sorrow  is  preventable  by  the  use  of  a little 
knowledge  of  fundamental  principles  of  right  liv- 
ing and  the  exercising  of  plain  common  sense. 

Civilized  people  do  not  live  correctly.  Savages 
do  not  live  correctly.  Each  has  certain  advantages 
over  the  other  in  certain  particulars.  A happy 
medium  lies  between,  where,  combining  the  wisdom 
of  both,  we  may  live  long  and  well.  Efficiency  and 
happiness  in  this  world  depend  so  largely  upon 
good  health,  that  it  is  well  worth  while  to  make  a 
serious  study  of  the  problem  how  to  avoid  sick- 
ness and  what  to  do  when  sick.  As  an  ounce  of 
prevention  is  always  worth  a pound  of  cure,  what 
we  ought  to  know  first  is  how  to  avoid  sickness. 

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RULES  OF  HEALTH 

The  fundamental  rules  of  health  are  simple,  but 
it  is  not  always  easy  to  live  the  simple  life  and  at 
the  same  time  live  as  vigorously  as  the  times  re- 
quire. But  it  pays.  Be  sure  of  this:  Most  sick- 
ness is  avoidable.  Most  people  who  call  them- 
selves well  can  greatly  increase  their  powers  of 
body  and  mind  by  taking  better  care  of  themselves. 
By  the  way,  it  is  worth  remembering  that  the 
powers  of  mind  are  largely  dependent  on  the  good 
health  of  the  body,  and  the  converse  of  this,  which 
is  equally  true,  is  that  the  condition  of  the  body  is 
largely  controlled  by  the  mind.  Every  one  of  the 
established  rules  of  health  is  simply  an  application 
of  common  sense  to  the  care  of  the  body. 

Whatever  you  do,  don’t  waste  your  money  and 
make  a bad  matter  worse  by  pouring  patent 
medicines  through  your  system,  unless  such 
medicines  have  been  prescribed  by  a physician  or 
you  really  know  that  they  will  do  you  good  and 
not  harm.  And  never,  never  use  stuff  advertised 
as  cures  for  serious  diseases  by  men  whom  you  do 
not  know.  At  least  99  per  cent  of  such  things  are 
the  wickedest  of  frauds. 

Here  are  some  of  the  simple  rules  of  health.  Each 
is  easy  to  follow ; each  sounds  commonplace ; each, 
however,  is  of  vital  importance,  and  together  they 
insure  good  health,  usually: 

Good  Air,  Sunshine  and  Sleep 

Breathe  good  air,  and  cultivate  the  habit  of  breath- 
ing deeply  so  as  to  get  plenty  of  air  and  keep  all 
parts  of  the  lungs  healthy  by  constant  exercise. 
Take  special  care  to  have  plenty  of  fresh  air  during 


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13 


sleeping  hours.  No  one  can  enjoy  perfect  health 
or  have  sound,  refreshing  sleep  unless  the  bedroom 
windows  are  opened  part  way  at  least.  Fear  of 
night  air  is  a fallacy. 

Sunshine  is  one  of  the  important  things  to  seek, 
and  the  sun  is  one  of  the  most  potent  enemies  of 
disease  and  disease  germs  that  exists.  The  best 
air  to  breathe  is  that  which  has  recently  received 
the  rays  of  the  sun,  as  the  rays  of  the  sun  have  a 
health-giving  effect  upon  the  human  body.  Every 
living  room  should  receive  the  rays  of  the  sun  for 
a time  during  every  twenty-four  hours. 

Sleep  enough  of  the  twenty-four  hours  to  secure 
the  rest  and  refreshment  you  need.  Different  persons 
require  different  time  for  sleep,  some  more,  some 
less.  An  adult  should  have  an  average  of  at  least 
seven  hours,  some  require  eight,  and  others  find  six 
sufficient,  but  children  require  more,  and  they  should 
take  as  much  as  they  can  get.  The  old  rule  of 
" Early  to  bed  and  early  to  rise  ” is  a good  one. 
In  the  matter  of  sleep,  as  in  the  matter  of  all  other 
things,  regularity  and  a definite  time  for  doing  this 
is  important.  The  organs  of  the  body  perform  their 
functions  with  less  likelihood  of  disorder  if  regular 
habits  are  formed  and  maintained. 

Bathing  Benefits 

Inasmuch  as  cleanliness  is  essential  to  health, 
regular  and  thorough  bathing  should  be  one  of  the 
daily  habits  of  life.  A hot  bath  tends  to  be  de- 
bilitating and  a very  cold  bath  may  so  shock  a 
weak  body  that  its  effect  may  be  injurious.  To 
those  who  can  stand  it,  a cold  bath  in  the  morning, 
quickly  taken — and  there  are  few  who  cannot  stand 
a quickly  taken  cold  bath — is  very  invigorating.  The 


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time  to  take  a hot  bath  is  at  night.  Absolute 
cleanliness  is  the  one  important  thing  to  consider. 

Eating  to  Live 

A large  part  of  the  illness  from  which  we  suffer 
is  caused  by  improper  eating.  Eating  should  be 
at  regular  intervals  and  the  food  should  be  chewed 
until  completely  reduced  to  liquid  form,  which  can- 
not be  done  in  a hurry.  Many  cases  of  dyspepsia 
are  caused  by  hurried  eating  and  improper  mas-! 
tication.  | 

The  diet  should  be  limited  to  plain,  nutritious 
food  of  good  quality  and  properly  cooked,  if  cooked 
at  all.  Green  and  overripe  fruit  should  be  avoided, 
and  animal  foods  that  have  begun  to  spoil  should 
never  be  eaten.  A mixed  diet  is  the  best.  It  is 
not  only  pleasanter  to  eat  a variety  of  foods  from 
day  to  day,  but  the  best  chemical  elements  needed 
for  nourishment  are  best  obtained  through  variety. 
There  is  much  to  be  said  for  the  vegetarian  diet, 
but  for  most  people  it  proves  unsatisfactory  in  the 
long  run,  and  the  natural  thing  is  for  some  meat  to 
be  made  a part  of  each  day’s  food.  Most  Americans 
err  in  the  direction  of  eating  too  much  meat. 

In  order  that  eating  may  be  most  beneficial,  there 
should  be  a brief  period  of  relaxation  before  each 
meal  and  a similar  period  afterward.  A great  aid 
to  digestion  is  good  nature,  and  one  should  culti- 
vate the  habit  of  cheerfulness  and  laughter  during 
meals.  If  there  is  any  scolding  to  be  done,  save 
it  for  some  other  time.  Always  stop  eating  while 
you  feel  that  you  could  eat  more. 

Keep  the  Bowels  Regular 

It  is  of  great  importance  that  the  bowels  should 
be  kept  regular  and  in  a healthy  condition.  If  there 


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15 


is  a tendency  to  constipation  matters  are  made 
worse  in  the  long  run  by  the  taking  of  medicines. 
It  is  best  to  cure  the  trouble  by  changing  the  diet, 
eating  more  fruit  and  vegetables,  as  those  foods  are 
for  a laxative  effect.  Drink  plenty  of  water,  es- 
pecially between  meals,  just  after  rising  in  the 
morning  and  just  before  retiring  at  night.  If  most 
of  us  would  drink  twice  as  much  as  we  do  we  would 
be  better  off ; but  we  should  not  wash  down  our  food 
with  water  or  with  any  other  drinks.  Good  water 
is  the  best  drink,  and  the  less  tea,  coffee  or  other 
drinks  of  a stimulating  nature  that  we  indulge  in  the 
better. 

A tendency  to  constipation  is  often  relieved  by 
the  practice  of  exercises  which  call  into  play  the 
muscles  of  the  abdomen.  Walking  does  this  to  a 
certain  extent.  The  abdominal  muscles  may  be 
exercised  more  effectively  by  raising  and  lowering 
the  legs  one  at  a time,  and  together,  while  in  a re- 
clining position.  If  the  abdominal  muscles  are  kept 
healthy  by  exercise  there  is  rarely  ever  any  trouble 
from  constipation.  A further  aid  is  establishing  a 
regular  habit  of  going  to  the  stool  at  the  same  time 
every  day  and  always  responding  promptly  to  the 
calls  of  nature. 

Daily  Exercise  Necessary 

Exercise  is  one  of  the  necessities  attendant  upon 
health.  Some  persons  require  more  than  others, 
but  all  require  daily  exercise,  a liberal  part  of  which 
should  be  in  the  open  air.  Exercise  should  be  taken 
vigorously,  but  not  to  the  extent  of  strain  or  over- 
exertion. Daily  exercise  should  bring  into  play 
all  the  muscles  of  the  body. 

A fairly  long  walk  should  be  part  of  the  daily 


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exercise,  and  while  walking  one  should  cultivate  the 
habit  of  erect  and  graceful  carriage,  breathing 
deeply  of  the  pure  air  that  has  been  vitalized  by 
sunshine.  Don’t  omit  your  daily  walk  because  of 
bad  weather,  but  dress  so  as  to  properly  protect 
yourself  from  the  elements. 

Health  in  Dress 

Proper  dress  is  another  element  in  maintaining 
good  health.  Adapt  the  clothing  to  weather  con- 
ditions as  well  as  possible.  Protect  the  body  from 
exposure  to  the  cold,  but  avoid  the  mistake  that 
many  make  of  wearing  too  heavy  clothing.  This 
is  largely  a matter  of  habit.  One  object  to  be  sought 
is  the  so-called  hardening  of  the  body.  This  is 
secured  by  cold  baths  and  light  clothing.  A per- 
son accustomed  to  wearing  light  clothing  in  cold 
weather  is  much  less  likely  to  take  cold  than  one 
who  always  bundles  up.  The  throat  and  chest 
should  not  be  overprotected. 

The  feet  should  always  be  well  protected  from 
cold  and  dampness.  Those  who  are  not  in  good 
vigor  should  always  be  careful  to  avoid  a serious 
chill  and  should  not  be  led  into  discomfort  by  any 
fanatical  ideas  about  wearing  less  clothing  than 
they  really  need. 

Success  Through  Self-Control 

An  important  habit  to  cultivate  is  that  of  periods 
of  repose.  This  is  especially  needed  by  persons  of 
nervous  temperament.  Only  as  we  are  masters 
of  ourselves  and  have  self-control,  are  we  able  to 
do  our  own  best  work,  and  to  effectively  influence 
others.  Self-control  cannot  be  secured  without 


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17 


daily  periods  of  calm  near  the  middle  of  the  day. 
It  is  a good  plan  to  have  a quiet  period  of  a half 
hour,  when  we  may  sit  alone  and  dismiss  all  care 
and  worry  from  the  mind.  We  gain  needed  reserve 
power  by  mental  and  physical  relaxation. 

The  mind  has  a great  power  over  the  body.  It 
makes  all  the  difference  between  sickness  and 
health  whether  we  cultivate  the  right  habits  of 
mind.  If  really  sick,  one  is  made  worse  by  worry 
and  fret,  and  better  by  cheerfulness,  confidence  and 
hope.  Many  persons  believe  themselves  sick  and 
many  are  invalids  because  they  think  they  have 
troubles  which  exist  only  in  the  mind.  Disagree- 
able states  of  mind  are  produced  by  worry,  anger, 
hatred  and  jealousy,  which  often  impair  the 
health.  Pleasant  states  of  mind  are  produced  by 
hope,  confidence,  cheerfulness  and  love.  Will 
power  is  improved  by  positive  habits  of  thinking. 
They  make  not  only  more  healthy  men,  but  more 
effective  and  successful  workers,  either  of  brain  or 
hand. 

Keep  on  Playing 

The  best  health  and  the  fine  art  of  keeping  young 
require  the  habitual  cultivation  of  the  play  spirit. 
Play  is  a universal  characteristic  of  childhood. 
We  are  all  children — of  older  growth,  perhaps,  but 
children  none  the  less  if  we  are  in  good  health. 
Never  allow  yourself  to  get  out  of  sympathy  with 
child  life  and  the  pleasures  of  children.  Refuse  to 
grow  old.  Keep  the  child  spirit  in  your  life — that 
is,  the  spirit  of  play.  Have  some  fun  every  day  of 
your  life.  Never  quit  playing.  Wholesome  games 
involving  more  or  less  physical  exercise  keep  peo- 
ple young  and  help  mightily  to  keep  them  in  good 
health. 


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CARE  OF  THE  TEETH 

Sound,  well-kept  teeth  not  only  contribute  to 
good  looks  but  to  good  health.  Civilized  man  can 
hardly  expect  to  have  good  teeth  unless  he  takes 
special  pains  to  keep  them  clean  and  in  good  repair. 
If  particles  of  food  are  permitted  to  remain  be- 
tween the  teeth  they  decompose  and  the  acids  and 
gases  thus  formed  soon  dissolve  the  enamel  of  the 
teeth  and  start  the  process  of  decay.  Once  begun, 
the  process  goes  steadily  forward.  A cavity  in  the 
teeth  is  a breeding  place  for  germs,  which  not  only 
ruin  the  teeth,  but  create  an  unhealthy  state  of  af- 
fairs, making  the  breath  offensive  and  often  causing 
stomach  trouble. 

The  teeth  should  be  carefully  cleaned  after  each 
meal,  and  before  going  to  bed  special  care  should 
be  taken  to  brush  the  teeth  thoroughly,  so  that 
nothing  may  remain  in  contact  with  them  that  will 
tend  toward  decay  during  the  night.  Brushing 
should  be  up  and  down,  rather  than  simply  across 
the  teeth.  If  one  would  be  thorough  about  it, 
teeth  may  be  kept  clean  with  the  use  of  only  clear 
water,  a good  tooth  brush  and  a little  muscle. 
Many  feel  the  need  of  tooth  powder,  however. 

There  are  good  tooth  powders  upon  the  market, 
but  they  are  more  expensive  than  the  powders 
which  we  may  prepare  at  home,  and  no  more  effec- 
tive. Some  tooth  powders  contain  powerful  acids 
which  will  remove  stains  and  whiten  the  teeth,  but 
injure  the  enamel,  and,  therefore,  should  be  avoided. 

A Good  Tooth  Powder 

A harmless  and  effective  tooth  powder  may  be 
made  of  four  parts,  by  weight,  precipitated  chalk, 


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one  part  orris  root,  one  part  powdered  castile  soap, 
well  mixed,  to  which  may  be  added  a few  drops  of 
oil  of  wintergreen.  A good  tooth  wash  is  a solution  of 
common  salt  and  water.  Among  the  best  antisep- 
tic washes  is  diluted  dioxygen.  Frequent  use  of  an 
antiseptic  wash  is  advisable.  A tooth  brush  should 
be  at  least  of  moderate  stiffness,  in  order  to  do  its 
work  well,  but  it  should  not  be  harsh  enough  to 
injure  the  gums. 

The  teeth  should  be  inspected  at  least  twice  a 
year  by  a dentist,  and  as  soon  as  a cavity  is  dis- 
covered it  should  be  filled.  At  least  twice  a year 
teeth  should  be  cleaned  by  a dentist,  who  removes 
the  accumulated  deposit  of  tartar  that  it  is  prac- 
tically impossible  to  remove  with  a brush,  especially 
on  the  back  teeth. 

It  is  no  longer  considered  in  good  taste  to  display 
a lot  of  gold  in  the  mouth.  So  far  as  conditions 
warrant,  the  filling  of  front  teeth  by  the  best  den- 
tists now  is  accomplished  largely  with  porcelain, 
which  closely  resembles  the  color  of  the  teeth,  and 
is  very  durable. 

CARE  OF  THE  HAIR 

Most  people,  especially  men,  find  it  difficult  to 
keep  the  hair  in  good  condition.  Indeed,  it  is  not 
always  possible  to  keep  it  at  all.  The  hair  itself 
should  be  kept  clean  and  the  scalp  should  be  kept 
clean,  but  the  use  of  soap  should  be  limited  to  the 
actual  necessities  of  cleanliness.  Strong  soap 
should  never  be  used.  Metal  combs  and  metal 
hair  brushes  should  not  be  used,  as  they  tend  to 
injure  both  the  hair  and  the  scalp.  Daily  brushing 
with  a good  clean  bristle  brush  helps  to  keep  the 
hair  healthy,  clean  and  strong,  as  well  as  to  en- 


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courage  its  growth.  Thorough  but  careful  massage 
of  the  scalp  with  the  finger  tips,  avoiding  any 
scratching  with  the  nails,  is  beneficial.  Nearly  all 
hair  dye  is  dangerous  and  should  never  be  used. 
Most  so-called  hair  tonics  are  fraudulent. 

Hair  Tonics 

One  of  the  best  hair  tonics  is  common  kerosene 
oil,  which  should  be  applied  once  a month,  a drop  in 
a place,  upon  the  scalp  with  a medicine  dropper,  or 
better  still,  a small  bicycle  or  sewing  machine  oiler. 
It  stops  falling  hair  and  promotes  a more  vigorous 
growth.  Strong  sage  tea  as  a daily  wash  will  often 
stop  the  hair  from  falling  out,  and  its  use  per- 
sisted in  may  cause  the  hair  to  grow  thick  and 
strong. 

Baldness  is  caused  by  disease  germs  which  attack 
the  hair  roots.  The  only  way  to  stop  falling  hair 
is  to  kill  these  germs.  This  is  partially  accom- 
plished by  free  exposure  to  the  air  and  sunshine. 
The  remedies  suggested  above  have  the  effect  of 
destroying  germs.  They  also  help  to  keep  the  scalp 
Healthy. 

NARCOTIC  HABITS 
Tobacco 

Tobacco  is  a narcotic,  owing  to  the  presence  of  a 
poisonous  alkaloid  called  nicotine.  During  the 
process  of  smoking  or  chewing  tobacco,  a variable 
amount  of  this  poison  is  absorbed  into  the  system. 
If  an  overdose  is  taken,  as  often  occurs  with  be- 
ginners, a sudden  dizziness  is  produced,  with  weak- 
ness, pallor,  and  cold,  clammy  sweat,  and  intense 
nausea,  followed  by  vomiting  and  purging.  The 


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21 


effect  of  long-continued  and  excessive  use  of  to- 
bacco varies  in  different  individuals.  It  may  appear 
as  an  irritation  of  the  throat  and  upper  air  passages, 
due  to  the  action  of  the  heated  vapor. 

In  pipe  smokers  the  effect  is  more  often  upon  the 
lips  and  tongue,  making  those  organs  more  liable 
to  cancerous  disease.  Dyspepsia  and  loss  of  flesh 
frequently  result  from  swallowing  the  saliva  con- 
taining nicotine.  Palpitation  and  irregular  action 
of  the  heart,  and  nervous  conditions  commonly  re- 
sult from  its  absorption,  while  a serious  impairment 
of  vision  sometimes  occurs. 

A Habit  Hard  to  Break 

The  bad  effects  of  tobacco  usually  disappear  soon 
after  discontinuing  the  drug,  but  the  tobacco  habit, 
like  other  drug  habits,  is  difficult  to  break  off,  and 
its  sudden  withdrawal  sometimes  causes  grave 
symptoms.  The  cigarette  habit  appears  to  be  es- 
pecially hard  to  discontinue,  and  those  who  are  ad- 
dicted to  it  seem  to  require  its  almost  constant  use. 
The  abnormal  quantity  smoked,  and  the  fact  that 
cigarette  smoke  is  almost  invariably  inhaled,  makes 
this  form  of  smoking  particularly  objectionable. 

Cigars  contain  much  more  nicotine  than  cigar- 
ettes. Men  engaged  in  active  muscular  exercise 
suffer  less  from  the  use  of  tobacco  than  those  lead- 
ing sedentary  lives,  and  adults  less  than  youths. 
A pipe  smoked  for  a short  time,  following  the  even- 
ing meal,  by  those  who  have  performed  a hard  day^s 
work,  aids  digestion,  soothes  the  overwrought 
nerves  and  induces  repose. 

Alcohol 

Alcohol  is  a narcotic  poison.  In  various  forms  it 
has  its  value  in  medicine  and  chemistry.  The  best 


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rule  is  to  take  alcoholic  liquors  into  the  system 
only  when  it  is  needed  for  medicinal  purposes  and 
to  avoid  its  use  in  any  form  or  quantity  habitually. 
Like  tobacco,  it  is  especially  harmful  to  the  young. 
Its  primary  effect  upon  the  body  is  to  cause  par- 
tial paralysis  of  certain  nerves  which  control  the 
blood  vessels.  This  paralysis  causes  the  blood  ves- 
sels in  the  skin  to  dilate.  The  blood  rushes  to  the 
surface,  producing  a feeling  of  warmth,  while  at  the 
same  time  the  interior  of  the  body  becomes  cooler 
and  the  vitality  is  lowered,  and  the  power  of  the 
body  lessened. 

This  nerve  paralysis  caused  by  alcohol  is  more 
extensive  in  habitual  indulgence,  and  the  system  be- 
comes an  easy  prey  to  bacterial  infection  and  less 
capable  of  withstanding  such  disease  attacks, 
while  the  continual  use  of  alcohol,  even  by  the  so- 
called  moderate  drinker,  produces  a slow  poisoning 
of  the  vital  organs,  heart,  kidneys,  liver  or  brain, 
which  results  in  a serious  disease  of  one  or  more  of 
these  organs.  The  mucous  membranes  of  the 
stomach  and  other  digestive  organs  also  become 
more  or  less  inflamed. 

SOURCES  OF  CONTAGION 

There  are  so  many  ways  in  which  contagious  dis- 
eases are  spread  that  it  is  difficult  to  anticipate  and 
protect  one’s  self  against  them  all.  Indeed,  this  is 
practically  impossible.  There  are,  however,  several 
sources  of  contagion  against  which  one  should  be 
constantly  on  the  guard.  One  of  these  is  the  gen- 
eral sanitary  conditions  of  the  home.  This  includes 
cleanliness  inside  of  the  house,  thorough  screening 
in  summer  to  keep  out  insects,  the  use  of  disin- 
fectants when  needed  in  the  drains  or  elsewhere, 


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23 


proper  drainage  and  an  absolutely  pure  source  of 
water  supply  free  from  any  danger  of  contamina- 
tion through  drainage,  either  on  the  surface  or 
underground. 

Well  water  should  never  be  used  for  drinking 
unless  the  well  is  so  located  that  it  is  impossible 
for  it  to  be  contaminated  by  underground  drainage 
from  any  source  of  filth.  Some  diseases,  notably 
typhoid  fever,  are  usually  spread  through  water. 
If  possible,  the  house  should  stand  a little  higher 
than  the  other  farm  buildings  and  far  enough  from 
the  barns  and  outbuildings  where  flies  breed  in  great 
numbers,  that  swarms  of  flies  will  not  be  dividing 
their  time  between  the  house  and  the  filth  from 
which  they  come. 

Beware  of  Insects 

The  common  house  fly  has  been  proved  to  be  a 
serious  source  of  contagion  and  spreads  disease 
germs  and  filth  wherever  it  goes.  Food  should  be 
kept  well  screened  and  doors  and  windows  of  the 
house  well  screened  against  flies.  The  screening 
should  be  thorough  enough  to  keep  out  mosquitos 
also,  for  they  are  another  source  of  contagion.  One 
variety  makes  a business  of  spreading  malaria  by 
carrying  the  germ  from  a person  who  has  the  dis- 
ease, and  inserting  it  with  his  lancelike  bill  into  a 
healthy  person.  Another  variety  of  mosquito  has 
the  spreading  of  yellow  fever  for  its  specialty. 

Sluggish  ponds  and  pools  of  water  and  swampy 
places  are  where  mosquitos  breed.  It  is,  therefore, 
important  to  avoid  having  such  places  near  dwell- 
ings so  far  as  possible.  All  sluggish  water  should 
be  removed,  by  thorough  drainage.  Damp,  low- 
lying  sections  should  be  avoided  in  selecting  a home. 


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Mosquitos  may  be  destroyed  in  large  numbers,  as 
they  begin  their  career  at  the  breeding  places,  by 
pouring  coal  oil  (kerosene)  upon  the  surface  of  the 
stagnant  water. 

Rats,  Mice  and  Pets 

Rats  and  mice  carry  diseases,  especially  rats. 
Many  epidemics  of  bubonic  plague  of  the  Orient, 
as  well  as  other  dangerous  diseases,  have  been 
caused  by  rats.  There  should  be  no  cessation  in 
the  efforts  to  keep  the  house  as  free  from  rats  and 
mice  as  possible.  There  is  more  or  less  objection 
to  the  ordinary  methods  of  poisoning  rats,  because 
they  are  likely  to  die  in  the  partitions  of  the  house, 
thus  causing  added  insanitary  conditions.  Some 
of  the  methods  commended  for  driving  them  away 
are  the  following: 

Scatter  moth  balls  around  the  haunts  and  in  the 
holes  through  which  the  ratsj  pass.  Dried  pieces 
of  sponge  dipped  in  honey  and  sprinkled  with  oil 
of  rhodium,  scattered  in  a similar  manner,  may  be 
recommended.  Cayenne  pepper  sprinkled  in  rat 
holes  is  effective.  A thin  coating  of  caustic  potash 
spread  in  and  near  the  rat  holes  drives  them  away. 
In  addition  to  the  common  rat  traps,  rats  may  be 
caught  by  taking  a large,  deep  vessel  filled  to 
within  six  inches  of  the  top  with  water  and  the 
remaining  space  with  bran.  Large  numbers  are 
sometimes  drowned  thus. 

Cover  a barrel  half  filled  with  water  with  stout 
paper,  tying  the  edges  around  the  barrel.  Place 
food  as  a bait  on  top  and  lean  a board  against  the 
barrel  on  one  side  for  the  rats  to  climb  up  on.  Cut 
a cross  in  the  paper  near  the  center  between  the 
board  and  the  bait.  The  rat  falls  through  this,  and 


There  is  just  one  good  reason  for  keeping  a cat.  That  reason 
is  to  kill  and  drive  away  rats  and  mice.  Few  people  realize  the 
great  danger  to  which  their  children  are  exposed  in  playing  with 
cats,  however  cute  and  interesting  the  cat  may  be.  Many  con-  | 
tagious  diseases  are  spread  in  this  way.  I 


What  Cats  Are  For 


Seek  Health  Among  the  Flowers 


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25 


the  paper  returns  to  place.  Often  many  rats  share 
the  same  fate  and  drown  in  the  barrel. 

A good  cat  is  usually  a reliable  rat  catcher.  A 
ferret  will  clean  out  a building  infested  with  rats. 
It  will  also  kill  chickens  and  small  pets,  so  it  is 
important  to  guard  against  injury  to  the  latter  and 
as  soon  as  the  rats  have  been  killed  or  driven  away, 
the  ferret  should  be  removed. 

A source  of  contagion  usually  not  considered  but 
often  the  cause  of  serious  trouble  are  pets.  Cats  and 
dogs,  especially  cats,  spread  many  diseases.  These 
animals  should  be  kept  clean  and,  so  far  as  possible, 
their  wanderings  should  be  restricted.  It  is  wisest 
not  to  keep  pets  in  the  house.  The  fondling  of 
cats  by  children  should  be  discouraged. 

Shun  the  Public  Drinking  Cup 

One  of  the  most  serious  menaces  to  public  health 
is  the  public  drinking  cup.  There  is  no  means  by 
which  consumption,  for  instance,  is  so  surely  com- 
municated. Never  drink  from  a cup  that  others 
drink  from  on  a train,  at  a railroad  station,  or  else- 
where. If  it  seems  to  be  necessary  to  do  so,  place 
the  lips  within  the  cup  instead  of  on  the  edge.  It 
is  a good  plan  whenever  one  travels  to  carry  a 
drinking  cup  or  otherwise  get  along  some  way  with- 
out drinking.  Paper  cups  are  now  made  which  are 
very  inexpensive.  They  are  carried  by  travelers 
and  thrown  away  after  being  used.  Very  good 
collapsible  cups  can  be  bought  which  last  for  many 
years,  and  these  may  be  carried  in  the  pocket.  They 
are  handy  to  carry  when  on  long  drives  or  walks,  or 
for  picnics. 

A good  cup  may  be  made  from  a piece  of  strong, 
clean  paper  about  9 inches  square.  Fold  it  once 


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into  a triangular  shape.  With  the  long,  folded  side 
toward  you,  fold  each  lower  corner  so  as  to  just 
reach  the  center  of  the  side  opposite  that  corner, 
with  the  farther  edges,  after  folding,  just  in  line 
over  each  other.  Separate  the  open  right  angular 
corners,  and  fold  one  over  the  side  where  the  other 
folds  are  and  as  far  down  as  it  will  go,  and  the  other 
corner  to  match  on  the  plain  side.  This  forms  a 
cup  that  will  be  waterproof  for  one  drink  and  usually 
more.  If  oiled  or  paraffin  paper  is  used  the  cup 
I will  be  much  more  durable.  This  is  an  excellent 
scheme  for  travel  or  picnics. 

* Inasmuch  as  children  are  more  susceptible  to 
'many  diseases  than  adults,  it  is  best  that  they 
should  be  kept  out  of  crowds. 

DISINFECTANTS  AND  FUMIGATION 

Disinfectants  are  necessary  to  protect  against  and 
to  prevent  the  spread  of  diseases.  The  purpose  is 
to  kill  the  disease  germs.  These  germs  are  of  two 
kinds,  the  vegetable,  or  bacterial,  and  the  animal  or 
parasitic.  Some  disinfectants  are  effective  in  kill- 
ing one  class  of  germs,  but  ineffective  with  another ; 
but  certain  disinfectants  are  powerful  enough  to 
kill  almost  any  germ  if  used  in  sufficient  quantity 
and  under  proper  conditions.  Corrosive  sublimate 
is  an  effective  germ  killer,  and  may  be  used  in  a 
solution  of  one  part  to  five  hundred  parts  water. 
Infected  clothing  soaked  in  this  solution  before 
washing,  and  woodwork  wiped  with  it,  will  be  free 
from  germs.  It  is  very  poisonous  and  should  not 
be  taken  internally. 

Chloride  of  lime  in  strong  solution  is  effective  as 
a disinfectant  and  is  used  chiefly  to  cleanse  drains. 
It  injures  metals  and  cloths,  and  so  is  to  be  used 


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27 


With  care.  Clothing  may  be  disinfected  by  boiling 
steadily  for  an  hour  in  water.  A great  aid  to  puri- 
fying bedding  and  clothing  is  sunlight  and  fresh  air. 
Bad  odors  may  be  removed  by  placing  well-ground 
coffee  upon  a moderately  hot  iron  plate  or  roaster 
and  placing  it  in  the  room  or  carrying  it  about. 

How  to  Fumigate 

Disinfecting  by  fumigation  is  accomplished  by 
the  use  of  various  substances.  One  of  the  most 
common  is  sulphur.  The  sulphur  may  be  put  into 
an  iron  kettle  placed  in  a pail  or  pan  and  enough 
water  poured  into  the  outer  vessel  to  reach  half 
way  up  the  sides  of  the  kettle  containing  the  sul- 
phur. Then  the  sulphur  should  be  burned,  either 
by  pouring  in  a small  quantity  of  alcohol  and  setting 
it  on  fire,  or  dropping  a few  live  coals  into  the  sul- 
phur. A part  of  the  water  in  the  outer  vessel  will 
be  turned  into  vapor  by  the  heat  of  the  burning  sul- 
phur, and  this  aids  in  killing  the  germs.  The  water 
is  also  a protection  against  fire. 

Clothing  that  would  be  damaged  by  sulphur 
fumes  should  be  removed.  Metal  surfaces  should 
also  be  protected  by  a light  coating  of  vaseline.  The 
room  disinfected  should  be  closed  six  or  eight  hours, 
and  then  thoroughly  ventilated. 

One  of  the  best  disinfectants  for  fumigation  is 
formalin.  To  find  out  the  quantity  needed,  meas- 
ure the  room  to  be  fumigated  and  multiply  the 
length,  breadth  and  hight  together  in  feet.  This 
will  give  the  number  of  cubic  feet.  For  each  1,000 
cubic  feet  take  one  pint  of  formalin  and  one  pound 
of  fresh  lime.  This  proportion  is  necessary  to  pro- 
duce the  right  chemxical  results.  The  lime  may  be 
placed  in  a tin  or  earthen  dish  and  the  formalin 


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should  be  poured  upon  it.  This  causes  the  lime  to 
slake  and  a poisonous  gas  to  be  immediately  re- 
leased. The  gas  kills  the  germs  in  the  room.  Leave 
the  room  as  soon  as  possible.  Before  attempting 
to  fumigate,  paper  should  be  pasted  over  all  the 
cracks,  so  that  the  room  may  be  as  nearly  air  proof 
as  possible. 

INSECT  PESTS 

There  are  numerous  insects,  commonly  called 
vermin,  whose  presence  in  a house  is  insanitary  and 
very  undesirable.  It  is  often  a serious  problem  how 
to  get  rid  of  them.  They  sometimes  may  be  killed 
by  fumigation.  Fumigation  is  the  surest  method 
of  getting  rid  of  fleas,  using  either  sulphur  or 
formalin. 

Ants 

These  little  pests  dislike  oil  of  pennyroyal.  Pour 
this  oil  on  bits  of  cotton  batting  and  spread  about 
the  places  where  the  ants  appear.  If  fresh  penny- 
royal can  be  procured,  spread  the  leaves  about  the 
infested  places.  Oil  of  peppermint  may  also  drive 
away  ants. 


Cockroaches 

Garbage  left  standing  is  one  of  the  surest  means 
of  attracting  cockroaches.  Dissolve  one  pound  of 
alum  in  three  pints  hot  water  and  force  a hot  solu- 
tion into  all  cracks  and  openings  where  the  roaches 
are  likely  to  be.  Afterward  spread  borax  about  the 
places  where  the  roaches  have  been  in  the  habit  of 
coming. 


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29 


Another  way  is  to  blow  insect  powder  into  all 
cracks.  Brush  up  and  burn  the  dead  insects  and 
powder,  and  blow  in  a second  dose.  Brush  up  as 
before  and  spread  powdered  borax  about  the  cracks 
and  holes. 

Water  Bugs 

A weak  solution  of  turpentine  poured  into  the 
water  pipes  once  a week  for  a few  weeks  will 
usually  drive  away  water  bugs.  Use  one-half  pint 
turpentine  to  three  pints  of  water.  This  will  drive 
the  bugs  from  their  hiding  places  and  they  should 
then  be  killed  whenever  seen.  Preparations  ef- 
fective in  exterminating  cockroaches  will  usually 
destroy  water  bugs. 

Bedbugs 

Naphtha  is  a quick,  clean  and  sure  exterminator 
of  this  pest.  Open  all  the  windows  in  the  room  and 
shake  and  examine  minutely  all  the  bedding. 
Hang  out  sheets,  blankets,  etc. ; saturate  mattresses, 
pillows,  etc.,  with  naphtha  and  put  them  out  of 
doors  if  possible.  Brush  the  walls  of  the  room,  pay- 
ing special  attention  to  every  crack,  groove  and 
corner.  Examine  the  backs  of  all  framed  pictures. 
These  pests  will  often  hide  in  the  cracks  in  a pic- 
ture frame.  If  there  are  any  ribbons  used  for 
decorative  purposes,  such  as  hanging  photographs, 
examine  the  knots  closely. 

Take  up  the  carpet,  take  the  bedstead  apart  and 
lay  on  the  floor  with  the  grooved  sides  up ; saturate 
with  naphtha.  Fill  with  naphtha  any  cracks  or 
breaks  in  the  walls  or  floor,  then  leave  the  room 
and  lock  the  door,  allowing  no  one  to  enter  it.  If 


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much  naphtha  is  used  it  is  safer  to  keep  the  door 
shut  and  the  windows  open  for  the  greater  part  of 
the  day.  Remember  that  no  fire  must  be  allowed 
anywhere  near  naphtha. 

The  first  application  will  kill  all  the  living  insects, 
but  not  the  eggs.  In  three  or  four  days  repeat  the 
operation  and  this  will  destroy  all  the  bugs  which 
have  hatched  since  the  first  killing. 

Moths  and  Buffalo  Bugs 

The  above  treatment  is  equally  good  for  these 
pests.  Of  course,  the  eggs  will  not  be  destroyed, 
and  these  are  gotten  rid  of  by  brushing  and  shak- 
ing before  the  naphtha  is  applied.  Washing  out 
closets  spring  and  fall  with  a weak  solution  of  car- 
bolic acid  is  an  excellent  means  of  keeping  them 
free  from  insects. 


^IMPLB  HOMB 

Kbmedibs 


' OST  people  have  so  firmly  estab- 
lished the  habit  of  seeking  for 
things  beyond  their  reach  and 
trying  to  accomplish  things  by 
difficult  and  expensive  means,  that 
they  neglect  to  use  simple  and 
cheap  things  that  are  right 
at  hand,  witE  which  to  accomplish  the  same  pur- 
poses. It  seems  to  be  the  weakness  of  human 
nature,  certainly  the  human  nature  of  many  peo- 
ple, to  like  to  take  medicine.  They  find  frequent 
excuse  for  the  use  of  strong,  dark-colored  concoc- 
tions that  they  really  don^t  know  anything  about, 
but  which  somebody  tells  them  are  good  for  what 
ails  them,  or  for  what  might  be  the  matter  if  they 
needed  doctoring  at  all.  The  experimental  and 
habitual  use  of  drugs  in  the  form  of  patent  med- 
icines and  otherwise  without  the  advice  of  a phy- 
sician is  one  of  the  dangerous  and  harmful  practices 
of  thousands  of  people  who  otherwise  exercise  com- 
mon sense  in  the  affairs  of  life. 

It  is  a pleasant  and  interesting  discovery  for  most 
of  us  to  find  out  how  successfully  we  can  get  along 
without  drugs,  and  how  many  disorders  can  be 
successfully  treated  with  common,  simple  things 
that  are  likely  to  be  found  in  every  household.  One 
of  the  bad  things  about  drugs  is  that  most  of  them 
are  likely  to  have  a harmful  effect  if  they  do  not 
have  a beneficial  one.  Many  of  the  simple  home 


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remedies  do  no  harm  if  they  do  no  good.  That  is  a 
very  important  consideration. 

SALT 

One  of  the  most  familiar  substances  in  every 
household  is  common  salt.  The  medicinal  uses  of 
salt  are  many  and  varied.  For  example,  one  of 
the  most  stimulating  preparations  for  the  bath  is 
a solution  of  salt  and  water.  The  eyes  may  be 
strengthened  by  bathing  with  a salt  solution.  It  is 
also  good  for  some  forms  of  sore  throat,  and  is  a 
good  mouth  wash  for  the  teeth.  It  may  be  used 
as  a spray  or  flushed  into  the  nasal  passages  to 
relieve  catarrh.  Although  painful,  if  too  strong,  it 
is  eflfective  as  a disinfectant  for  sores  or  wounds. 
Salt  is  an  emetic  in  case  of  poisoning.  For  this 
purpose  it  should  be  given  freely  in  warm  water. 

In  a salt  water  bath  the  salt  does  not  enter  the 
body,  but  stimulates  the  skin,  which  tends  to  im- 
prove the  circulation  of  the  blood  and  is  helpful  in 
cases  of  general  debility,  eczema,  scrofula  and  other 
conditions  of  blood  disorder.  A strong  salt  solu- 
tion is  an  effective  enema.  Solutions  of  salt  are 
often  injected  into  the  veins  to  increase  the  amount 
of  fluid  in  the  body  following  severe  bleeding  or 
any  surgical  shock  when  the  blood  pressure  is  dan- 
gerously low.  No  one  other  than  a skilled  physician 
should  attempt  to  do  it,  however. 

PEPPER 

Pepper  comes  upon  the  table  as  a companion  to 
salt.  It  also  has  useful  medicinal  qualities.  It  is 
given  in  the  form  of  an  infusion  to  induce  perspi- 
ration and  to  break  up  a cold.  It  is  given  in  certain 


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33 


forms  of  dyspepsia  with  some  simple  bitter.  If  not 
too  strong  its  irritating  qualities  have  a stimulating 
effect  upon  the  membranes  of  the  digestive  organs. 
It  is  sometimes  used  externally  as  a counter  irritant 
to  relieve  internal  inflammation. 

COOKING  SODA 

Soda  of  the  kind  used  in  cooking,  which  is  called 
by  the  chemists  bicarbonate  of  soda,  is  an  excellent 
remedy  for  some  stomach  troubles.  It  is  given  to 
counteract  an  excess  of  acid  in  the  stomach  and 
relieves  gaseous  conditions.  It  is  used  as  a gargle 
for  sore  throat.  Soda  is  one  of  the  best  applications 
for  burns,  scalds  and  bites  of  insects.  Solutions 
of  soda  are  often  beneficial  when  taken  for  rheuma- 
tism, diabetes  and  gravel  in  the  acid  form.  There 
is  danger  in  taking  this  habitually  and  in  large 
doses. 

CREAM  OF  TARTAR 

Cream  of  tartar  is  known  as  a laxative  in  small 
doses,  usually  combined  with  sulphur  or  magnesia. 
It  is  an  excellent  cathartic.  Dissolved  in  lemonade 
it  often  has  a beneficial  effect  upon  the  kidneys  and 
bladder  by  increasing  the  secretion  of  urine.  In 
large  doses  it  is  poisonous. 

MUSTARD 

Mustard  is  used  medicinally  most  often  in  the 
form  of  poultices.  These  are  prepared  by  taking 
equal  parts  of  flour  and  mustard  and  thoroughly 
mixing  them  in  warm  water  to  form  a paste  of 
easily  handled  consistency.  This  is  wrapped  in 
clean,  thin  linen  or  cotton  cloth  and  applied  to  the 


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skin.  If  young  children,  the  proportion  of  flour 
should  be  greater  than  that  of  mustard,  and,  in  all 
cases,  the  poultice  should  be  removed  as  soon  as 
painful  sensations  are  felt,  to  prevent  blistering.  A 
thorough  reddening  of  the  skin  is  always  desired. 
It  has  the  effect  of  stimulating  the  nervous  system. 
Almost  all  forms  of  local  pain  may  be  removed  at 
least  partially  by  the  application  of  a mustard 
poultice. 

Its  use  is  recommended  for  rheumatism,  neural- 
gia, toothache,  gout,  vomiting,  diarrhea  and  in  the 
treatment  of  bronchitis,  pleurisy  and  pneumonia. 
Mustard  has  a tendency  to  induce  sleep,  and  mustard 
baths  are  beneficial  in  relieving  hysteria  and  con- 
vulsions, and  in  the  form  of  foot  baths  in  relieving 
headaches  and  various  internal  congestions.  Mus- 
tard and  water  is  used  internally  as  an  emetic  in 
cases  of  poisoning.  Mild  solutions  of  mustard 
sometimes  stop  hiccough.  It  also  relieves  some 
forms  of  dyspepsia  attended  by  constipation  and  is 
useful  to  promote  digestion  and  keep  the  bowels 
regular. 

GINGER 

Ginger  acts  as  a stimulant  when  taken  internally, 
and  relieves  colic,  certain  forms  of  diarrhea  and 
dyspepsia.  It  is  also  used  externally  for  the  relief 
of  muscular  rheumatism,  neuralgia,  toothache  and 
headache,  being  applied  either  in  the  form  of  a 
poultice  or  a liquid  preparation  in  which  cloths  are 
dipped  and  thereby  applied.  Tincture  of  ginger  is 
considered  more  effective  for  internal  use  than 
powdered  ginger  mixed  with  hot  water,  but  the 
effects  are  practically  the  same.  The  dose  is  one 
teaspoonful,  well  diluted. 


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35 


WATER 

We  are  not  inclined  to  think  of  water  as  having 
any  special  medicinal  value,  unless  it  is  one  of  the 
so-called  mineral  waters  or  contains  some  medical 
substance  in  solution.  Pure  water  may  be  used  in 
many  ways  so  as  to  give  benefits  as  positive  as  a 
medicine.  Most  people  do  not  drink  water  enough, 
especially  between  meals.  One  should  not  drink 
to  the  point  of  discomfort,  of  course,  but  frequent 
drinks  cleanse  and  flush  out  the  system,  preventing 
many  troubles  of  the  kidneys  and  digestive  organs. 
Dyspepsia  is  often  thus  relieved,  also  bowel 
troubles.  One  of  the  best  treatments  for  chronic 
constipation  is  taking  a liberal  drink  of  water  the 
first  thing  upon  rising  in  the  morning  and  a sim- 
ilar drink  the  last  thing  before  retiring. 

Many  spells  of  sickness  from  indigestion,  with 
attendant  headaches  and  discomfort  of  the  diges- 
tive organs,  can  be  prevented  by  refraining  from 
the  use  of  any  food  at  the  tirpe  the  next  meal  would 
naturally  be  taken,  or  better  still,  for  the  full  24 
hours,  following  the  first  symptoms  of  indigestion, 
drinking  freely  and  frequently  pure  water.  Some 
people  find  the  treatment  more  effective,  or  at  least 
more  to  their  liking,  by  taking  hot  water.  Some- 
times, when  a cold  appears  to  be  coming  on,  it  may 
be  broken  up  by  drinking  all  the  hot  water  one 
comfortably  can  just  before  retiring.  Of  course,  this 
encourages  perspiration  as  well  as  internal  flush- 
ing. Sluggish  conditions  of  the  bowels  are  often 
corrected  and  the  general  health  thereby  immedi- 
ately improved  by  enemas  of  warm  water. 

There  is  an  endless  variety  of  baths,  taken  in  an 
endless  variety  of  ways  for  the  relief  of  an  endless 
variety  of  diseases.  It  is  safe  enough  to  say  that 


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most  people  bathe  altogether  too  little.  One  of  the 
most  positively  beneficial  means  of  stimulating  the 
entire  system  is  a quick,  cold  bath  taken  soon  after 
rising  in  the  morning,  followed  by  a brisk  rub. 

SOAP 

Pure  olive  oil  soap  has  its  use  for  many  more 
purposes  simply  than  that  of  cleansing.  Soap  suds 
are  effective  as  an  enema.  Soap  suppositories  are 
used  to  move  the  bowels  of  young  children.  Lini- 
ment made  from  soap  is  good  for  the  treatment  of 
sprains  and  bruises.  It  is  also  the  basis  of  other 
liniments.  Soap  is  used  internally  as  an  antidote 
for  acid  poisoning. 

LEMON  JUICE 

Lemon  juice  is  one  of  the  most  agreeable  and  at 
the  same  time  one  of  the  most  valuable  home 
remedies  for  certain  purposes.  It  is  effective  in 
the  treatment  of  torpid  conditions  of  the  liver  and 
jaundice.  It  has  a beneficial  effect  in  some  cases 
of  rheumatism,  and  has  a stimulating  effect  on  the 
kidneys  and  bladder.  It  is  a most  effective  remedy 
for  the  prevention  and  cure  of  scurvy.  Hot  lemon- 
ade is  taken  to  break  up  colds. 

HONEY 

Bees^  honey,  drained  from  the  comb,  has  a stim- 
ulating effect  on  the  mucous  membranes.  It  is 
used  for  thrush  and  ulcers  of  the  mouth;  and  in  a 
mixture  of  powdered  borax  and  glycerin,  being 
painted  upon  the  sore  spots.  The  mixture  is  two 
parts  borax,  one  part  glycerin  and  i6  parts  honey. 


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WHITE  OF  EGG 

This  egg  albumen  diluted  with  water  is  a valu- 
able article  of  food  in  the  diarrheal  complaints  of 
children.  It  is  a convenient  and  effective  antidote 
in  poisoning  by  corrosive  sublimate  and  sulphate  of 
copper.  It  forms  insoluble  compounds  with  them. 
Mixed  with  a little  powdered  alum  it  thickens  and 
forms  a convenient  and  soothing  poultice  for  burns, 
bruises,  and  bites  and  stings  of  insects. 

OLIVE  OIL 

In  addition  to  being  a popular  article  of  diet,  olive 
oil  is  one  of  the  best  mild  laxatives  for  young  chil- 
dren. Used  habitually  it  has  the  effect  of  toning 
up  the  system  generally,  not  only  as  a food  tonic, 
but  by  stimulating  the  digestive  activity.  It  is 
supposed  to  increase  the  flow  of  bile.  Children 
suffering  from  poor  nutrition  may  be  benefited 
by  rubbing  olive  oil  into  the  skin,  and  applied  ex- 
ternally it  relieves  the  pain  and  swelling  caused  by 
insect  bites  and  stings.  It  is  also  used  for  burns 
in  the  eye.  It  should  not  be  used  in  the  ear  or  upon 
the  open  wounds,  as  it  forms  a breeding  material  for 
bacteria. 

In  the  department  of  medicines  will  be  found 
reference  to  many  articles  which  might  properly  be 
classed  among  the  Simple  Home  Remedies.  Their 
use  should  be  encouraged  in  preference  to  drugs 
that  are  more  or  less  dangerous,  and  at  the  same 
time  are  often  quite  expensive. 

LIME  WATER 

This  may  be  purchased  at  a drug  store  or  made 
at  home.  The  formula  is  one  pound  of  fresh  lime 


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dissolved  in  eight  quarts  of  distilled  water.  The 
lime  should  first  be  slaked  with  a little  water,  and 
then  the  remaining  water  should  be  added  and 
well  stirred.  The  solution  should  set  in  a covered 
vessel  three  hours.  It  may  then  be  kept  in  closed 
glass  bottles,  drawing  off  the  clear  portion  for  use. 
It  is  given  in  food  mixtures  to  correct  acid  con- 
ditions of  the  digestive  organs  of  young  children. 
It  sometimes  relieves  nausea.  It  may  be  applied 
locally  for  the  relief  of  eczema  and  ulcers. 


Joy,  temperance  and  repose, 

Slam  the  door  on  the  doctor^s  nose. 

— [Longfellow. 


We  seem  ambitious  God’s  whole  work  to  undo; 
With  new  diseases  on  ourselves  we  war. 

And  with  new  physic,  a worse  engine  far. 

— [Donne. 


E are  coming  more  and  more  to 
realize  that  most  of  the  ills  to 
which  the  flesh  is  heir  can  be 
cured  without  drugs.  Physicians 
and  laymen  who  have  made  a 
study  of  the  matter  know  that 
the  use  of  drugs  in  treating  dis- 
eases is  largely  experimental;  that,  to  a very  large 
degree,  as  drugs  are  indiscriminately  used,  they  do 
more  harm  than  good.  Many  people,  whose  heads 
are  filled  with  the  exaggerated,  misleading  and 
often  entirely  false  claims  made  in  the  advertise- 
ments of  patent  medicines,  seek  relief  for  every 
ache  and  pain  or  imaginary  ailment  in  some 
preparation  which  they  innocently  believe  will  help 
them,  or  at  least  will  do  no  harm,  if  it  does  no  good. 
The  fact  is  that  all  patent  medicines  are  more  or 
less  fraudulent.  They  do  not,  and  cannot,  cure  the 
diseases  they  are  advertised  to  cure. 

Worse  than  this,  it  is  a fact  that  harmful  nar- 
cotics and  other  dangerous  drugs  are  freely  used  in 
preparation  of  many  patent  medicines,  so  that  their 
use  is  actually  dangerous.  The  national  pure  food 
law  and  the  pure  food  laws  of  many  of  the  states 
are  intended  to  regulate  this  sort  of  thing,  and  to 
prevent  the  sale  of  certain  especially  dangerous 
drugs,  except  in  very  small  quantities,  in  proprietary 
medicines.  These  laws  have  made  conditions  bet- 
ter than  they  formerly  were,  but  have  come  far 


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short  of  Stopping  the  evil.  The  liquor  habit  and 
the  worst  drug  habits  are  frequently  formed  by 
taking  unsuspectingly  these  things  in  patent 
medicines. 

It  is  quite  natural  that  people  of  moderate  means, 
as  well  as  the  poor,  should  seek  to  save  money  by 
dosing  themselves  instead  of  paying  a doctor  to 
dose  them.  Oftentimes  this  is  not  economical,  be- 
cause they  are  unable  to  select  the  proper  treatment 
and  much  valuable  time  is  wasted,  during  which  the 
disease  may  progress  to  an  incurable  stage.  There 
are  certain  acute  diseases  that  may  be  cured  by  the 
proper  use  of  certain  drugs.  There  are  certain 
remedies  that  should  be  kept  on  hand  for  use  in 
emergencies,  but  the  use  of  drugs  should  be  limited 
to  such  cases  as  seem  to  actually  require  drug  treat- 
ment. 

To  those  who  have  been  accustomed  to  take 
drugs  freely  upon  the  slightest  excuse,  or  occasion- 
ally upon  general  principles,  it  is  surprising  to  learn 
how  securely  health  may  be  safeguarded  and  how 
frequently  various  disorders  may  be  cured  without 
the  use  of  drugs. 

The  Ounce  That  Is  Worth  Tons 

Under  this  subject  consideration  should  first  be 
given  naturally  to  the  observance  of  the  general 
and  special  rules  of  health  which  may  be  dictated 
by  ordinary  common  sense  and  which  are  set 
forth  in  some  detail  in  the  chapter  How  to 
Avoid  Sickness,  and  other  parts  of  this  book.  If 
the  observance  of  all  the  fundamental  rules  of 
health  is  established  in  the  daily  habits  of  our  life, 
most  people  will  be  kept  in  so  nearly  perfect  health 
and  in  such  vigor  of  mind  and  body  that  the  com- 


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41 


mon  run  of  diseases  is  avoided,  and,  when  disease 
does  come,  the  body  is  in  shape  to  throw  it  off  and 
make  a good  recovery  more  quickly  and  effectively 
than  would  otherwise  be  the  case.  An  ounce  of 
prevention  in  matters  of  health  is  worth  tons  of 
cure.  The  same  habits  that  prevent  disease  con- 
tribute to  its  cure. 

Mind  Power  in  Health 

In  all  affairs  of  life  there  is  danger  in  extremes. 
Success  is  found  in  the  happy  medium,  except  in 
matters  of  absolute  right  and  wrong.  The  ex- 
tremist blazes  the  way  for  reform,  and  whatever 
he  proves  to  be  good  should  be  made  use  of  after 
its  value  has  been  proved.  Most  of  us  have  not 
been  able  to  adopt  the  radical  ideas  of  extremists 
who  believe  that  the  mind  is  so  all  powerful  that 
every  disease  can  be  cured  by  the  mind,  and  that 
drugs  should  never  be  used.  However,  the  v/ill  to 
be  well,  the  will  to  achieve,  the  will  to  excel,  at- 
tended by  consistent  common  sense,  hygienic  habits 
and  consecration  to  the  high  ideals  of  service  almost 
certainly  assure  health,  happiness  and  the  most 
complete  success  in  life. 

We  cannot  afford  to  forget  the  old  maxim:  ‘‘As 

a man  thinketh  so  is  he.’^  Brooding  over  troubles, 
worrying  about  one^s  self  when  one  happens  to 
have  an  off  day,  thinking  about  and  talking  about 
the  symptoms  of  disease — worry  of  any  kind — 
make  people  sick.  Such  is  the  power  of  the  mind 
over  the  body. 

Science  Proves  It 

Science  has  only  just  begun  to  learn  of  the  won- 
derful powers  of  the  mind.  Hypnotism,  telepathy 


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and  suggestion  are  some  of  the  mysterious  mind 
powers  that  science  has  proved  to  be  real.  Not 
only  can  a person  help  himself  to  become  well  and 
to  keep  well  by  his.  powers  of  mind,  but  he  can 
help  others  in  a similar  manner  through  the  exercise 
of  the  various  means  of  suggestion. 

The  best  physicians  utilize  this  fact  in  their  prac- 
tice. It  is  a common  experience  for  a patient  to 
feel  ill  and  depressed  when  the  doctor  comes  and 
after  a brief  talk  in  which  the  physician  has  ap- 
pealed to  the  patient’s  sense  of  humor,  has  spoken 
with  confident  optimism  of  recovery,  and  otherwise 
sowed  positive  seeds  of  hope,  the  patient  has 
found  himself  feeling  much  better  and  substantial 
progress  has  been  made  toward  actual  recovery. 
Such  is  the  power  of  one  mind  over  another  mind 
as  well  as  directly  over  the  body. 

If  we  would  contribute  to  the  well  being  of  those 
with  whom  we  associate,  we  should  always  cul- 
tivate the  habit  of  cheerfulness,  the  habit  of  laugh- 
ter, the  habit  of  positive  optimistic  thinking,  which 
excludes  doubts  and  fears.  The  highest  degree  of 
health  of  body  and  health  of  mind  is  possible  only 
as  we  make  self-control  an  established  habit  of  our 
lives.  Every  man  is  weakened  physically,  mentally 
and  morally  every  time  he  yields  to  passion,  how- 
ever trying  conditions  may  be,  and  we  suffer  our- 
selves to  yield  an  advantage  by  giving  way  to 
anger.  Complete  health  is  comprehensive  of  all 
that  pertains  to  the  life  of  man. 

Other  Cures  Without  Drugs 

Under  this  subject  might  properly  be  considered 
many  simple  home  remedies  that  are  used  suc- 
cessfully in  the  treatment  of  diseases.  These,  how- 


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43 


ever,  are  treated  in  another  chapter  under  the  title, 
Simple  Home  Remedies.  We  might  also  discuss 
nursing,  for  cures  are  accomplished  more  through 
good  nursing  than  through  the  use  of  drugs.  In- 
deed, nursing  is  almost  always  the  principal  thing. 
This  will  be  considered  in  the  chapter  on  Nursing. 
Still  another  very  important  matter  remains  to  be 
taken  up  in  this  chapter.  It  is  the  use  of  water. 


The  only  way  for  a rich  man  to  be  healthy  is  by 
exercise  and  abstinence;  to  live  as  if  he  were  poor. 
— [Temple. 

The  surest  road  to  health,  say  what  they  will. 

Is  never  to  suppose  we  shall  be  ill. 

— [Churchill. 

For  ’tis  the  mind  that  makes  the  body  rich. 

— [Shakespeare. 


WATER  TREATMENT 


^ATHING  and  the  use  of  water  in 
other  ways  to  promote  health  is 
so  beneficial  that  the  subject  de- 
serves special  attention.  Water 
has  four  qualities  that  need  to  be 
considered : moisture,  temperature, 
impact  and  as  a solvent.  The 
moisture  relaxes  and  absorbs,  according  to  the  tem- 
perature and  the  degree  and  time  of  its  confine- 
ment upon  a surface.  Its  evaporation  cools  or 
chills.  It  loosens  to  the  extent  of  its  absorption 
by  any  tissue.  Cold  applications,  by  the  abstrac- 
tion of  heat  from  the  body,  drive  the  blood  from 
the  surface,  thus  constricting  the  blood  ves- 
sels and  contracting  the  tissues  to  which  the 
applications  are  made.  If  the  cold  application  is 
soon  removed,  the  blood  returns  with  such  force 
as  to  expand  the  blood  vessels  to.  a greater  extent 
than  before,  and  increases  the  quantity  of  blood 
there.  This  increases  the  nutrition,  and  has  a tonic 
effect.  If  the  cold  application  is  continued  the 
abstraction  of  heat  goes  on  and  vitality  is  lessened. 


Degrees  of  Heat 

If  the  application  is  tepid — from  70  to  85  degrees 
— it  relaxes  the  skin  and  extremities  of  the  nerves 
and  thus  becomes  soothing.  The  application  of 
warmth  and  moisture  tends  to  loosen  the  fiber  of 
the  structures  and  causes  relaxation  which  favors 
both  secretion  and  excretion,  but  the  quality  of  the 
secretions  may  be  poorer  than  normal. 


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45 


If  the  application  is  hot — from  95  degrees  to  100 
degrees — it  stimulates,  because  it  brings  an  ab- 
normal degree  of  heat  in  contact  with  the  surface, 
and  contributes  to  the  internal  heat  that  cannot 
escape.  In  acute  conditions  it  is  often  an  ex- 
cellent general  stimulant.  If  the  application  is 
quickly  removed,  the  effect  is  only  that  of  a local 
stimulant,  generally  applied.  If  the  application  is 
continued,  it  causes  muscular  contraction.  If  con- 
tinued over  a large  extent  of  surface,  the  hot  appli- 
cation may  cause  faintness  before  the  stimulation 
has  given  place  to  contraction,  because  the  rush  of 
blood  to  the  surface  partially  empties  the  large 
blood  vessels,  including  those  of  the  brain. 

If  the  application  is  warm — from  85  degrees  to 
95  degrees — it  has,  to  a modified  degree,  the  effect 
©f  a hot  application.  There  is  dilation  of  the  blood 
vessels  of  the  skin,  relaxation,  copious  perspiration, 
quickened  pulse  and  respiration,  but  with  a slight 
general  decrease  of  temperature.  The  warm  ap- 
plication continued  has  a weakening  effect.  The 
alternation  of  hot  and  cold  applications  in  quick 
succession  increases  circulation,  warmth  and  vigor. 

Impact  and  Solvency 

Impact,  or  water  applied  with  force,  arouses  ner- 
vous action,  and  calls  the  blood  to  the  surface.  Its 
effect  is  dependent  upon  the  degree  of  force;  the 
temperature  of  the  water  and  the  condition  of  the 
system.  Concerning  the  solvent  properties  of 
water,  that  is,  the  power  to  dissolve  substances,  hot 
water  possesses  them  to  a greater  degree  than  cold. 
Pure  water  is  more  solvent  than  impure.  The  sol- 
vent power  may  be  increased  by  the  addition  of 
certain  other  things. 


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Temperament  Makes  a Difference 

In  the  use  of  water  in  the  treatment  of  disease 
there  are  special  peculiarities  of  the  person  treated 
to  be  considered.  In  the  matter  of  temperament, 
the  sanguine  can  bear  lower  temperatures  than 
others;  the  bilious  are  hard  to  affect,  and  hence 
need  more  heroic  treatment.  The  nervous  tem- 
perament requires  short  applications  with  frequent 
changes;  the  lymphatic  are  slow  to  react,  and  are 
particularly  liable  to  be  injured  by  the  injudicious 
use  of  water.  If  one  is  not  quite  sure  how  he 
should  be  classified  as  to  temperament,  it  is  neces- 
sary to  carefully  experiment  at  the  beginning  of  any 
water  treatment.  There  is  not  only  the  matter  of 
temperament  to  be  considered,  but  also  any  special 
derangement  that  may  exist  in  the  various  organs 
of  the  body,  and  the  general  condition  as  to  vitality. 
In  the  matter  of  baths,  time  and  temperature  should 
be  carefully  regulated  to  the  disease  and  strength 
of  the  patient. 

Effects  Direct  and  Indirect 

Every  bath  has  an  immediate  and  local  effect, 
and  a remote  constitutional  effect.  The  constitu- 
tional effects  are  indirect,  working  toward  improved 
nutrition,  equalized  circulation,  with  normal  tem- 
perature and  properly  performed  functions  of  the 
various  organs;  also  the  highest  possible  degree  of 
general  vigor. 

Always  use  pure,  soft  water  when  possible.  The 
bath  should  be  discontinued  as  soon  as  the  desired 
effect  is  realized ; too  little  effect  is  better  than  too 
great.  In  the  treatment  of  disease  through  baths, 
repetition  is  important.  In  chronic  cases,  the 


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47 


second  bath  should  be  given  before  the  constitu- 
tional effect  is  lost;  in  acute  cases,  before  the  local 
effect  of  the  first  is  lost. 

Wet  Packs 

Wet  packs  are  used  in  the  treatment  of  some  dis- 
eases, the  temperature  ranging  from  hot  to  cold, 
usually  with  the  purpose  of  inducing  perspiration. 
In  whole  packs,  the  patient  is  wrapped  completely 
in  a sheet  or  blanket  wrung  out  of  hot  water,  and  is 
then  rolled  in  woolen  blankets.  The  cold  pack  is  used 
to  reduce  temperature  in  fevers.  Packs  may  be  used 
to  apply  to  a single  limb,  or  part  of  the  body.  The 
spinal  pack  is  sometimes  applied  to  relieve  lum- 
bago, reduce  fever  and  remove  congestion.  Ab- 
dominal packs  are  used  in  acute  indigestion  and 
cramps.  Compresses  are  similar  to  packs,  but 
usually  consist  of  cloth  folded  to  a thickness  of  half 
an  inch  or  more  wet  in  water  and  applied  to  the 
surface  like  a bandage. 

Compresses 

Ice  cold  compresses  blunt  the  sensibility  of  the 
nerve,  and  influence  reflex  nervous  functions,  often 
having  a pronounced  effect  upon  the  circulation  of 
internal  organs.  They  relieve  pain,  the  delirium  of 
fevers ; are  useful  for  hemorrhage  and  local  in- 
flammation. Cold  over  the  spine  relieves  muscular 
spasms,  lessens  muscular  sensibility  and  secretions 
and  raises  body  heat  elsewhere.  Some  of  the  re- 
sults are  obtained  by  cold  compresses  upon  the  back 
of  the  neck  at  the  base  of  the  brain.  Chest  com- 
presses are  useful  in  bronchial  and  lung  congestions 
and  pleurisy. 


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Vapor  Baths 

Water  is  useful  in  the  treatment  of  some  dis- 
eases, especially  those  of  the  respiratory  organs,  in 
the  form  of  vapor.  Vapor  baths  may  be  either 
clear  water  or  medicated.  They  open  the  pores, 
aid  in  elimination  and  cause  muscular  relaxation. 

Foot  and  Sitz  Baths 

Partial  baths  are  often  beneficial,  especially  the 
foot  baths  and  sitz  baths.  A cold  foot  bath  should 
be  quickly  taken,  the  time  being  from  one  to  three 
minutes.  It  draws  the  blood  from  the  head  and 
chest,  and  has  a hardening  effect,  promoting  rest 
and  sleep.  A warm  foot  bath,  lasting  from  twelve 
to  fifteen  minutes,  relieves  congestion,  correcting 
the  circulation,  and  is  useful  for  the  weak,  nervous 
or  those  having  poor  blood.  A handful  of  salt  im- 
proves it.  The  hot  foot  bath  helps  to  break  up 
colds,  and  relieves  congestion.  It  should  be  taken 
quickly. 

The  sitz  bath  is  taken  by  simply  sitting  in  a 
small  tub  of  water  coming  well  up  above  the  hips 
and  thighs  as  seated.  The  cold  sitz  bath  strength- 
ens the  organs  of  the  lower  part  of  the  body,  and 
has  a general  invigorating  effect.  The  time  should 
be  from  two  to  three  minutes.  The  warm  sitz  bath 
should  be  from  two  to  fifteen  minutes,  and  is  good 
for  constipation,  colic  and  the  conditions  requiring 
relaxation.  The  hot  sitz  bath  may  be  given  to  re- 
lieve acute  conditions  of  the  organs  of  the  lower 
part  of  the  body,  especially  those  due  to  deranged 
circulation  of  the  blood.  The  time  for  this  bath  is 
about  five  minutes. 


F you  ask  a good  doctor  for  his 
opinion  of  nursing,  he  is  likely  to 
to  be  frank  enough  to  admit  that 
nursing  is  usually  more  impor- 
tant than  doctoring.  The  doctor 
tells  the  nurse  what  to  do,  but  the 
nursing  is  the  thing.  People  are 
always  influenced  more  or  less  by  their  surround- 
ings. This  is  especially  true  in  sickness.  The 
patient  is  more  sensitive  to  environment  than  when 
well,  and  the  mind  naturally  dwells  upon  the  vis- 
ible environment  much  of  the  time  because  not 
otherwise  occupied.  The  sick,  room  should  be  clean 
and  so  arranged  as  to  have  a neat,  orderly  appear- 
ance, with  no  superfluous  furniture  and  hangings 
upon  which  the  dust  may  accumulate.  There 
should  be  something  of  the  ornamental  present;  a 
few  flowers,  which  should  be  removed  at  night, 
have  a cheering  effect. 

Ventilation  is  very  important  and  the  patient 
should  be  provided  with  good  air  to  breathe  at  all 
times.  The  room  should  not  be  overheated  nor 
should  it  be  allowed  to  become  damp  and  cold  to 
the  point  of  discomfort.  It  is  almost  always  per- 
fectly safe  to  breathe  cold  air,  but  there  should  be 
sufficient  covering  over  the  body  to  prevent  chill. 
On  the  other  hand,  care  should  be  taken  that  no 
more  coverings  are  used  than  are  really  necessary. 

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The  weight  and  heat  of  unnecessary  bed  coverings 
have  a depressing  efifect  and  lower  the  vitality. 

Except  in  diseases  where  it  is  necessary  to  have 
the  room  darkened,  sunshine  should  enter  the  sick 
room  every  day  the  sun  shines.  Care  should  be 
taken  that  there  is  no  constant  glare  of  light,  es- 
pecially around  the  sick  bed.  Loud  or  disagree- 
able noises  within  the  hearing  of  the  patient  should 
be  eliminated  so  far  as  possible.  Quiet  should  be 
maintained  in  the  room  to  the  extent  of  refraining 
from  unnecessary  clatter  and  loud  or  excited  talk- 
ing; but,  on  the  other  hand,  never  whisper  in  a sick 
room;  let  the  conversation  be  carried  on  in  low, 
quiet  tones.  At  the  same  time  act  and  talk  natu- 
rally, and  dispel  as  far  as  possible  any  evidence  of 
worry  or  anxiety.  Whispering  stirs  the  imagina- 
tion and  contributes  to  the  fears  of  the  patient. 

The  Atmosphere  of  Good  Cheer 

Every  effort  should  be  made  to  appear  cheerful 
in  the  presence  of  the  patient,  and  the  humorous 
side  of  things  should  be  presented.  An  occasional 
laugh  will  do  the  patient  much  good.  The  most  im- 
portant thing  for  a sick  room  is  that  mysterious,  yet 
positively  pervading  condition  we  call  atmosphere. 
The  rooms  should  have  an  atmosphere  of  good 
cheer.  The  nurse  should  appear  neatly  but  simply 
dressed,  and  should  always  give  special  attention 
to  personal  cleanliness.  She  should  not  fuss  with 
the  patient  nor  do  any  unnecessary  tending  which 
might  cause  nervousness  in  the  patient. 

While  it  is  wise  to  consult  the  patient’s  wishes  in 
matters  in  which  it  is  safe  to  follow  his  w'ishes,  in 
general,  a nurse  should  do  her  work  in  a positive 
but  gentle  Vv^ay,  without  hesitation  or  questioning. 


THE  HOME  PHYSICIAN  5 1 

Great  care  should  be  taken  to  avoid  any  disagree- 
ment with  the  patient. 

Bathing 

It  is  an  almost  invariable  rule  that  a patient 
should  be  bathed  daily.  A cleansing  bath  in  the 
morning,  with  an  alcohol  rub  at  night,  should  be 
given,  devoting  especial  attention  to  the  back,  dust- 
ing it  after  the  rub  with  talcum  powder  and  keep- 
ing bed  linen  clean  and  smooth  lest  the  skin  becomes 
irritated  and  bed  sores  result.  The  patient's  mouth 
should  be  kept  clean,  using  some  good  antiseptic 
solution. 

I In  special  details  of  nursing  the  directions  of  a 
physician  should  be  sought  and  carefully  followed. 

SURGERY 

Modern  surgery  has  accomplished  many  wonder- 
ful things.  Many  diseases  and  conditions  due  to 
disease  or  accident  that  were  formerly  regarded  as 
incurable  have  been  cured  through  the  methods 
devised  in  connection  with  modern  surgery.  One 
of  the  chief  reasons  for  this  success  is  that  an  at- 
tempt is  made  to  secure  absolute  cleanliness  in  con- 
nection with  all  surgical  operations.  It  is  the  pur- 
pose of  the  modern  surgeon  to  have  not  only  the 
part  of  the  body  operated  upon,  but  the  instruments 
and  everything  near  the  patient,  clean ; not  only  in 
the  sense  that  we  usually  understand  that  word, 
but  sterile — free  from  living  germs  of  any  kind. 

This  is  an  important  thing  to  remember  in  the 
treatment  of  all  injuries  and  sores.  Absolute  clean- 
liness and  freedom  from  germs  make  it  much 
easier  and  quicker  for  nature  to  perform  its  func- 


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tions  of  healing.  It  is  not  the  medicine  used  that 
heals,  but  nature  itself. 

How  to  Dress  a Wound 

If  a wound  has  been  received,  the  skin  about  it 
should  be  thoroughly  scrubbed  with  soap  and 
water  and  the  wound  itself  cleansed  with  a solution 
of  boracic  acid  as  strong  as  can  be  made,  or  with 
creolin,  a teaspoonful  to  a pint  of  boiled  water. 
Then  the  edges  of  the  wound  should  be  brought 
together,  using  a strip  of  zinc  oxide  plaster,  if  neces- 
sary, and  some  sterilized  bandages.  This  dressing 
should  not  be  disturbed  for  several  days,  unless 
heat,  pain  and  swelling  are  present. 

To  Stop  Bleeding 

In  case  of  bleeding  from  an  artery,  which  will  be 
recognized  by  a spurting  from  the  blood  vessel  with 
each  impulse  of  the  heart,  compression  of  the  limb 
should  be  made  above  the  wound — that  is,  nearer 
the  heart.  In  case  of  a large  artery,  a handkerchief 
can  be  loosely  tied  about  the  limb  and  a stick  in- 
serted and  twisted  until  the  bleeding  stops.  In 
case  of  bleeding  from  the  veins,  the  blood  flows 
steadily  without  any  intermission  or  spurting.  Here 
cording  of  the  limbs  is  unnecessary. 

After  cleaning  the  wound  apply  a dressing  of 
gauze,  a folded  napkin,  or  any  clean  piece  of  cloth, 
and  cover  with  a tight  bandage. 

If  the  bleeding  comes  from  a part  of  the  body 
where  no  bandage  can  be  applied,  pressure  of  the 
blood  vessel  against  a neighboring  bone  may  stop 
the  bleeding. 

When  bleeding  is  stopped  by  pressure,  clots 
of  blood  form  very  rapidly  and  block  up  the  in- 


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53 


jured  blood  vessels  in  ordinary  cases.  There  are 
several  substances  which,  applied  to  a wound,  help 
to  thicken  the  blood  and  check  the  flow.  Among 
them  are  tannic  acid  and  alum.  Table  salt  is  also 
effective.  Blood  vessels  are  contracted  by  cold,  and 
cold  water  will  sometimes  stop  bleeding.  It  is  al- 
ways best  to  avoid  the  use  of  drugs  for  such  cases 
if  relief  can  be  obtained  by  bandaging  or  other 
pressure. 

Nose  Bleed 

Bleeding  from  the  nose  can  usually  be  stopped 
by  cold  applications  and  firm  pressure  with  the 
fingers  upon  the  sides  of  the  nose.  A pad  beneath 
the  upper  lip  with  pressure  from  without  may  also 
help  to  shut  off  the  blood  supply.  For  hemorrhage 
of  the  stomach  absolute  quiet  should  be  maintained 
and  pieces  of  ice  may  be  swallowed. 

In  all  serious  cases  of  bleeding,  from  whatever 
cause,  a doctor  should  be  called  as  soon  as  possible, 
and  it  is  only  pending  his  arrival  that  every  pos- 
sible means  is  taken  to  check  the  flow  of  blood. 

Fractures 

No  attempt  should  be  made  in  most  cases  to  set 
a broken  bone  by  anyone  who  does  not  know  how. 
If  the  bones  broken  are  badly  out  of  place,  it  is 
sometimes  best  to  bring  the  ends  of  the  bones  as 
near  together  as  possible  by  carefully  pulling  a 
broken  leg  or  arm.  Ordinarily,  a bone  may  be  set 
several  days  after  it  is  broken,  with  satisfactory 
results.  The  most  serious  complications  attending 
fractures  are  those  resulting  from  the  laceration  of 
the  flesh.  In  these  so-called  compound  fractures, 


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the  broken  bone  may  be  forced  through  the  flesh 
and  brought  through  the  skin.  In  case  of  such 
wounds,  they  should  be  thoroughly  disinfected  with 
antiseptics;  otherwise,  let  alone,  as  there  is  great 
danger  of  infection. 

Inasmuch  as  swelling  rapidly  follows  a fracture 
and  makes  the  setting  of  the  bone  difficult,  it  is 
important  that  a surgeon  should  be  called  at  once. 
This  is  especially  urgent  in  the  case  of  compound 
fractures.  While  awaiting  the  surgeon,  the  patient 
should  be  placed  in  as  comfortable  a position  as 
possible  and  kept  quiet.  If  it  is  necessary  to  move 
him,  improvised  splints,  which  may  be  any  smooth 
sticks  or  small  pieces  of  board,  may  be  applied  to 
steady  the  limb,  so  that  the  injured  part  may  not 
suffer  unnecessarily  from  moving.  The  splints 
should  be  padded  in  some  way,  if  possible,  and 
should  be  bound  firmly  to  the  limb.  Care  should 
be  taken  not  to  have  pressure  at  the  point  of 
fracture. 

In  setting  a broken  bone  it  is  necessary  that 
the  ends  be  brought  together  properly ; other- 
wise, they  grow  together  crooked  or  short.  The 
bones  of  the  leg  unite  in  from  six  to  eight  weeks. 
Those  of  the  forearm  in  from  four  to  five  weeks, 
collar  bone  in  about  four  weeks,  ribs  in  about  three 
weeks,  the  small  bones  of  the  hands  in  from  two 
to  three  weeks.  This  is  in  the  case  of  the  average 
adult.  The  bones  of  the  aged  are  slower  in  uniting 
or  may  not  unite  solidly  at  all.  The  bones  of  chil- 
dren unite  more  quickly  than  those  of  adults. 

MEDICAL  AND  SURGICAL  AIDS 

There  should  be  a well-stocked  home  medicine 
chest  or  a cupboard  set  apart  where  can  be  quickly 


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55 


found  medical  and  surgical  aids  for  use  in  emergen- 
cies. This  is  needed  in  every  home,  but  it  is  es- 
pecially important  for  persons  living  on  farms  or 
ranches  where  it  is  difficult  to  get  a doctor  quickly. 
The  bottles  and  packages  should  be  plainly 
labeled.  Some  of  the  things  that  it  is  desirable  to 
have  are  the  following: 

Graduated  medicine  glass,  medicine  dropper,  hot 
water  bag,  fountain  syringe,  fever  thermometer, 
absorbent  cotton,  gauze  bandages  or  thoroughly 
sterilized  long  strips  of  white  cotton  cloth,  sur- 
geons’ plaster,  caustic  pencil,  spirits  of  ammonia, 
chloride  of  lime,  sulphur,  turpentine,  tincture  of 
iodine,  crystals  of  permanganate  of  potash,  boracic 
acid,  dioxygen,  creolin,  calendula,  arnica,  spirits  of 
camphor,  vaseline,  bicarbonate  of  soda,  limewater, 
sweet  spirits  of  niter,  quinine  pills,  epsom  salts, 
olive  oil,  castor  oil,  alcohol,  French  brandy,  pure 
whisky. 


O woman ! In  our  hours  of  ease 
Uncertain,  coy  and  hard  to  please, 

And  variable  as  the  shade 
By  the  light  quivering  aspen  made ; 
When  pain  and  anguisb  wring  the  brow, 
A ministering  angel  thou ! 


’ — [Scott. 


OBSTETRICAL  NURSING 


A PHYSICIAN  should  be  consulted  in  the  early 
stages  of  pregnancy,  and  should  direct  the 
care  and  habits  during  this  period.  Arrangements 
to  secure  a nurse  thoroughly  trained  in  maternity 
cases  should  be  made  early,  several  months  in  ad- 
vance. The  nurse  will  be  able  to  give  information 
about  the  articles  required  and  arrangements  to  be 
made  for  the  confinement. 

Rules  for  Prospective  Mother 

Attention  should  be  given  to  the  following  points : 
Daily  exercise  for  an  hour  or  two  in  the  open  air, 
good  hygienic  surroundings,  and  at  least  eight 
hours’  sleep  during  the  twenty-four  are  essential; 
clothing  loose  enough  to  allow  of  free  circulation 
of  the  blood;  frequent  bathing,  a tepid  sitz  bath' 
being  employed  when  the  full  bath  proves  too  ex- 
hausting; a generous  but  not  too  stimulating  diet, 
and  rigid  regularity  in  eating  should  be  adhered  to. 
The  bowels,  if  not  properly  regulated  by  food  and 
exercise,  should  be  moved  daily  either  by  enema  or 
simple  laxative. 

The  urine  should,  if  possible,  be  examined  at  fre- 
quent intervals  during  pregnancy,  and  at  least  four 
times  during  the  last  two  months;  this  is  of  great 
irnportance  to  the  patient  and  must  not  be  neglected. 
The  purpose  is  to  find  out  if  there  are  indications 
of  kidney  disease,  which  may  develop  during  this 
period.  The  nipples  require  preparation  or  tough- 
ening. A daily  application  of  a solution  of  borax- 

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a tablespoonful  to  one  pint  of  water — can  be  used, 
and  cacao  butter  used  for  lubrication. 

Fixing  the  Date 

The  date  at  which  the  birth  is  likely  to  occur  can 
be  calculated  in  a variety  of  ways,  one  of  the  sim- 
plest being  to  add  seven  days  to  the  date  of  begin- 
ning of  the  last  menstrual  period  and  count  forward 
nine  months.  This  is  usually  within  a few  days  of 
the  correct  time,  although  an  occasional  mistake 
pccurs. 

The  Room 

A large,  well-ventilated  room,  free  from  sewer 
connections,  having,  if  possible,  a southern  ex- 
posure, should  be  chosen.  This  room  and  its  con- 
tents should  be  thoroughly  cleansed  from  dust  and 
other  impurities,  and  if  obliged  to  retain  old  up- 
holstered furniture  and  draperies,  cover  them,  if 
possible,  with  clean  sheets.  Be  sure  that  no  con- 
tagious disease  germs  are  present. 

Things  Needed 

Prepare  a sanitary  pad  about  three  feet  square. 
In  making  it,  take  a piece  of  oiled  paper  of  this  size 
and  cover  with  a thick  layer  of  cotton  waste ; place 
it  between  cheesecloth  and  tack  the  whole  loosely 
about  the  edges  with  long  stitches.  The  sanitary 
napkins  are  similarly  made,  except  the  paper.  They 
should  be  of  two  sizes,  those  to  be  used  immediately 
after  delivery  being  much  wider  and  longer  than 
those  used  subsequently.  The  cheesecloth  can  be 
cut  about  twenty-five  inches  square  and  filled  one- 


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third  its  width  and  a little  less  than  its  length  with 
cotton  waste.  The  gauze  is  then  folded  over  and 
stitched  down  the  center  and  across  the  ends. 

The  smaller  napkin  is  made  in  the  same  way, 
except  that  it  should  be  much  narrower  and  the 
cotton  waste  should  extend  only  about  ten  inches 
of  its  length,  thus  leaving  the  ends  free  and  firm 
for  pinning.  Both  the  pads  and  napkins  can  be 
sterilized  by  placing  them  in  a covered  dish  or  be- 
tween two  pans  in  an  oven  and  subjecting  them  to 
a slow  heat  for  about  four  or  five  hours.  Avoid 
exposing  them  to  the  air  till  ready  for  use. 

Preparing  the  Bed 

The  bed  should  be  made  by  covering  the  mattress 
first  with  a clean  sheet  and  then  with  a rubber  sheet 
or  tar  paper.  The  latter  is  inexpensive  and  should 
be  burned  after  use.  Over  this  spread  a second 
sheet,  and  then  another  rubber  sheet,  about  a yard 
wide,  covering  the  middle  of  the  bed  and  tucked 
firmly  in  at  the  sides.  Then  put  in  place  the  sani- 
tary pad,’’  or,  in  the  absence  of  this,  sheets  folded 
in  four  or  more  thicknesses  to  absorb  the  discharge. 

The  Beginning  of  Labor 

The  beginning  of  labor  is  indicated  by  pains  in 
the  lower  part  of  the  abdomen  and  back,  occurring 
at  regular  intervals  about  once  every  half  hour,  and 
a discharge  of  mucus,  tinged  with  blood  from  the 
vagina.  True  pains  can  be  distinguished  from  those 
that  are  false  by  placing  the  hand  over  the  lower 
part  of  the  abdomen ; in  true  pains  the  contractions 
of  the  uterus  are  to  be  readily  felt  through  the 
abdominal  wall.  As  labor  advances  the  pains  grow 


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more  severe  and  the  intervals  shorter.  The  first 
stage  of  labor  consists  in  the  dilation  of  the  uterus 
and  ends  when  the  uterus  is  completely  dilated. 
The  second  stage,  or  stage  of  expulsion,  ends  when 
the  child  is  born.  The  third  stage  ends  when  the 
placenta  is  discharged  and  the  uterus  well  con- 
tracted. 

Cleanliness  of  Nurse 

The  nurse  should  have  an  entire  change  of  her 
personal  clothing,  and  should  always  wear,  while 
on  duty,  washable  dresses  and  aprons,  keeping  her- 
self scrupulously  clean.  During  the  child-bearing 
stage  a woman  is  particularly  susceptible  to  in- 
fection, and  it  is  almost  criminal  to  undertake  the 
care  of  a woman  about  to  be  confined  after  being 
in  contact  with  any  disease,  either  contagious  or 
septic,  that  is  communicable. 

First  Stage  of  Labor 

In  the  first  stage  of  labor  the  patient  should  be 
allowed  to  walk  about,  or  sleep  if  inclined  to  do  so. 
The  large  intestine  is  made  perfectly  free  of  any 
accumulation  of  fecal  matter  by  an  enema.  This 
makes  the  labor  easier  and  sometimes  shortens  its 
duration.  Simple  fluids  should  be  given,  avoiding 
alcoholic  or  other  stimulants.  The  patient  must  be 
instructed  not  to  bear  down  during  the  pains  of 
this  stage,  and  to  sit  if  walking  about  when  a pain 
occurs.  There  is  danger  of  too  early  rupture  of 
the  membranes  and  protracted  and  painful  labor  in 
consequence. 

Ready  for  the  Doctor 

Have  ready  for  the  examination  by  the  doctor  hot 
water,  soap,  two  clean  nail  brushes  and  two  bowls, 


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one  containing  a disinfectant  solution.  Before  pre- 
paring the  patient  for  the  examination  the  hands 
and  forearms  of  the  attendant  should  be  scrubbed 
for  three  minutes  in  hot  soap  suds  with  a stiff  nail 
brush  and  washed  again  in  a disinfectant  solution. 
The  nails  should  be  kept  short  and  care  taken  not 
to  roughen  them.  Use  for  cleaning  a bone  or  a 
wood  cleaner,  and  prevent  the  roughening  of  the 
skin  of  the  hands  by  the  use  of  glycerin  and  by 
wiping  them  perfectly  dry. 

The  patient  should  be  dressed  in  a loose  wrapper 
and  placed  on  the  back  at  the  right  side  of  the  bed, 
with  the  clothes  drawn  out  of  the  way  and  two 
sheets  adjusted,  one  over  each  leg,  to  protect  the 
body  during  examination.  After  scrubbing  the 
hands,  clean  carefully  the  external  genitals  and  sur- 
rounding parts  of  the  patient  with  soap  and  water 
and  afterward  with  sterilized  water  or  disinfectant 
solution,  and  remember  that  the  hands  should  al- 
ways be  held  in  a disinfectant  each  time  before 
touching  the  genitals  if  they  have  handled  other 
articles  not  sterilized. 

The  Second  Stage 

During  the  second  stage  the  patient  must  be  put 
to  bed  and  not  allowed  to  leave  it  for  any  purpose. 
She  should  be  covered  by  a sheet  folded  and  tied 
loosely  about  the  waist  by  a tape  passed  through 
the  middle  and  fastened  securely  to  the  nightgown, 
which  can  be  gathered  in  soft  folds  well  under  the 
arm.  Strong  safety  pins  should  be  used  to  pin  the 
sheet,  which  is  lapped  over  the  right  side  so  as  to 
cover  both  legs;  the  feet  should  be  enveloped  in  a 
pair  of  white  cotton  stockings. 


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Assistance  at  Delivery 

Delivery  is  usually  made  with  the  patient  lying 
upon  the  left  side,  but  some  practitioners  prefer  the 
patient  placed  upon  the  back.  Firm  pressure  made 
upon  the  lower  part  of  the  back  during  the  pains 
gives  relief  (in  doing  this  the  hand  of  the  attendant 
should  be  kept  clean  by  using  a disinfected  towel), 
and  the  patient  may  be  allowed  to  pull  on  a sheet 
firmly  secured  to  the  foot  of  the  bed.  This  greatly 
increases  the  expulsive  power  of  the  uterus,  and 
must  be  avoided  in  rapid  delivery;  otherwise,  the 
parts  may  be  ruptured. 

In  the  third  stage  the  person  assisting  may  be 
called  upon  to  hold  the  uterus  by  placing  the  hand 
upon  the  abdominal  wall  and  watching  to  see  that 
it  remains  properly  contracted.  Sometimes  it  be- 
comes necessary  to  make  circular  movements  over 
the  uterus  or  to  grasp  it,  and  pushing  firmly  down- 
ward promote  contractions  till  the  placenta,  which 
should  always  be  kept  for  the  doctor^s  inspection, 
is  delivered. 

If  the  Doctor  Is  Not  Present 

In  emergency,  when  no  doctor  is  present,  the 
patient  should  be  placed  on  the  left  side  with  the 
knees  flexed.  All  antiseptic  precautions  being 
taken,  the  vaginal  outlet  should  be  carefully 
watched. 

When  the  head  is  to  be  seen,  place  the  fingers 
against  it  and  hold  it  back  during  the  pains,  to  pre- 
vent too  rapid  expulsion  and  to  allow  the  gradual 
stretching  of  the  vaginal  floor.  If  this  plan  be  faith- 
fully carried  out,  there  is  little  danger  of  laceration. 
With  the  first  child  the  labor  is  often  slow,  two 


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hours  or  more  being  required  for  the  passage  of  the 
head.  In  subsequent  labor  the  time  is  usually 
about  an  hour.  If  the  head  is  coming  too  rapidly, 
tell  the  patient  to  open  her  mouth  and  avoid  bear- 
ing down. 

When  the  head  is  delivered,  insert  the  finger 
into  the  passage  to  see  if  the  cord  be  about 
the  neck,  and  if  so  pull  it  carefully  over  the 
head  and  wipe  the  eyes  and  mouth  free  from  secre- 
tion. The  hand  should  then  be  placed  on  the 
abdomen  over  the  uterus,  moved  downward  until 
the  child  is  expelled,  and  still  held  firmly  till  the 
placenta  is  expressed  and  the  uterus  contracted. 
The  placenta  should  be  twisted  as  it  is  expelled  till 
all  the  membranes  come  away. 

Aid  to  Contraction 

The  uterus  should  be  held  until  contraction  is 
firm.  The  pulse  should  be  taken  frequently,  and, 
if  it  becomes  very  rapid,  the  physician  should  be 
called  at  once,  as  this  probably  indicates  approach- 
ing hemorrhage. 

As  soon  as  the  child  is  delivered  the  patient  can 
be  turned  on  the  back  and  an  assistant  told  how  to 
watch  and  hold,  the  uterus,  so  that  attention  may 
be  given  the  child. 

What  to  Do  for  the  Child 

The  child  should  first  be  made  to  cry  out  by 
slapping  the  back  with  the  hand  or  a wet  towel, 
dashing  a little  cold  water  in  the  face  if  necessary. 
If  it  fails  to  respond  to  this  treatment,  and  is  not 
breathing,  the  cord  should  be  cut  at  once  (it  is 
usual  to  wait  till  pulsation  has  ceased).  This  is 


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done  by  tying  it  with  any  clean,  strong  string  about 
one  inch  from  the  body,  and  again  two  inches  from 
that,  and  cutting  between.  Frequent  subsequent 
examination  of  the  cord  is  necessary  to  be  sure  no 
hemorrhage  is  taking  place.  The  child’s  body 
should  then  be  immersed  in  a hot  bath  at  a tem- 
perature of  100°  to  105°  Fahr.  The  head  should 
be  bent  backward,  and  a piece  of  gauze  or  a hand- 
kerchief placed  over  its  mouth,  so  that  air  can  be 
blown  into  the  lungs  by  breathing  through  the  cov- 
ering. This  should  be  done  at  least  twelve  or  fif- 
teen times,  or  till  the  child  takes  a long  breath. 

Sanitary  Attentions 

When  the  child  is  successfully  delivered,  as 
described,  the  patient  should  be  cleansed  of  dis- 
charges by  bathing  all  parts  either  with  warm 
water  that  has  been  boiled  or  with  disinfectant  solu- 
tion, sterilized  gauze  or  muslin  that  has  been  dis- 
infected being  used.  Be  very  careful  to  resterilize 
the  hands  before  touching  the  genitals. 

When  all  impurities  are  removed,  one  of  the  sani- 
tary napkins  should  be  used.  If  not  sterilized,  a 
few  layers  of  gauze  saturated  in  disinfectant  solu- 
tion may  be  placed  under  it.  The  soiled  pad  and 
bedding  should  be  removed  and  replaced  by  clean. 

The  Abdominal  Binder 

An  abdominal  binder  is  then  usually  applied. 
This  binder  should  be  made  of  unbleached  muslin 
or  bleached  twill.  It  is  three  feet  six  inches  in 
length,  and  fourteen  inches  in  width,  and  should, 
when  pinned  in  place,  extend  from  the  border  of 
the  ribs  in  front  to  below  the  prominence  of  the 


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hips.  It  should  be  made  to  fit  perfectly  the  con- 
tour of  the  body  by  taking  in  darts  above  and 
below.  To  this  is  fastened  the  sanitary  napkin 
held  in  place  by  four  large  safety  pins. 

The  abdominal  binder  should  be  changed  as  often 
as  soiled.  It  is  usually  worn  about  seven  days, 
although  its  use  may  be  continued  longer  if  com- 
fort is  derived  from  it. 

Rest  and  Recuperation 

The  general  rules  for  the  care  of  medical  cases 
apply  to  obstetrical  nursing  as  well.  During  the 
first  week  or  more,  visitors  should  be  excluded,  as 
rest  and  quiet  are  of  much  importance.  The  patient 
should  be  kept  on  her  back  for  the  first  six  or  seven 
hours,  after  which  she  should  be  raised  into  a 
sitting  position  to  empty  the  bladder.  If  unable  to 
urinate,  a catheter  should  be  used.  Afterward,  the 
position  should  be  frequently  changed.  In  some 
cases,  the  freedom  of  the  room  is  allowed  within 
ten  days,  and  many  women  who  are  strong  resume 
their  usual  routine  of  life  at  the  end  of  three  weeks. 
Too  great  haste  in  this  matter  is  often  regretted 
afterward  when  some  uterine  difficulty  traceable  to 
carelessness  at  this  time  appears. 

Cleanliness 

The  bed,  the  patient  and  the  room  must  be  kept 
perfectly  clean.  Some  doctors  allow  a bath  every 
second  day.  The  greatest  possible  care  should  be 
used  in  giving  it  that  the  patient  may  not  be  chilled. 
The  napkin  will  have  to  be  changed  at  first  every 
hour,  and  later  every  three  to  five  hours,  the  parts 
being  thoroughly  cleansed  and  kept  free  from  odor. 


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All  soiled  clothes  must  be  removed  at  once;  the 
napkin  can  be  wrapped  in  paper  and  burned  immedi- 
ately. 

Diet  and  the  Bowels 

The  diet  is  usually  liquid  for  the  first  twenty-four 
hours,  and  if  all  symptoms  are  normal  after  that  a 
full  meat  diet  is  often  allowed. 

The  bowels  are  usually  moved  on  the  third  day 
by  an  enema  or  glycerin  suppository,  or  other 
medication  by  mouth.  Medicine  or  vaginal  douches 
should  be  given  only  when  ordered  by  the  physician. 

Care  of  Breasts 

The  breasts  also  require  careful  management. 
The  nipples  should  be  cleansed  after  every  nursing 
with  some  weak  boracic  acid  solution,  to  prevent 
cracking  and  infection.  If  the  breasts  become  too 
full  give  fluid  sparingly,  and  apply  a bandage  for 
compression,  or  rub  very  carefully  with  the  hands 
from  the  base  toward  the  nipple,  the  motion  being 
circular.  Rubbing  is  not  advised  where  inflamma- 
tion is  present. 


Nothing  begins,  and  nothing  ends, 

That  is  not  paid  with  moan; 

For  we  are  born  in  other^s  pain. 

And  perish  in  our  own. 

— [Thomson, 


ETTING  ready  for  the  first  baby 
is  a task  involving  so  much  work 
and  so  many  things,  according  to 
modern  ideas,  that  it  takes  a 
whole  book  to  tell  all  about  it. 
Some  of  the  most  important 
things  needed  at  the  time  of  the 
birth  are  usually  brought  by  the  physician. 
It  is  a good  plan,  however,  to  have  on  hand  and 
ready  for  use  most  of  the  things  that  are  sure  to  be 
needed.  Great  care  should  be  taken  to  have  every- 
thing perfectly  clean.  Among  the  articles  desir- 
able are  the  following : Several  hand  towels, 

braided  silk  or  a skein  of  bobbin  for  tying  the 
cord,  a fountain  syringe,  two  china  or  porcelain 
basins,  a bed  pan,  a small  package  of  absorbent 
cotton,  a can  of  sterile  gauze,  bichloride  tablets, 
powdered  boracic  acid,  olive  oil,  a large  oilcloth, 
eight  yards  of  nursery  cloth  for  pads,  unbleached 
muslin  for  binders,  two  yards  long  and  i8  inches 
wide,  and  large  safety  pins.  Have  plenty  of  hot 
water  at  the  time  of  confinement. 

Now  for  the  baby’s  equipment.  It  is  hardly 
necessary  to  enumerate  the  articles  of  clothing 
needed.  For  the  care  of  the  baby  a basket  should 
be  prepared  and  equipped  with  the  following 
articles : A complete  set  of  clothes,  a woolen  shawl 
or  shoulder  blanket,  two  soft  towels,  an  old  soft 

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blanket  in  which  to  receive  the  child  after  birth, 
a fine  soft  sponge  and  a soft  washcloth,  white  cas- 
tile  soap,  a box  of  talcum  powder,  vaseline,  boracic 
acid,  a baby’s  soft  hair  brush,  blunt-pointed  scissors, 
safety  pins  of  assorted  sizes,  and  absorbent  cotton. 

The  Bath 

The  health  of  the  baby  depends  in  a large  degree 
upon  its  bath.  Soon  after  the  baby  is  born  it 
should  be  given  its  first  bath.  It  should  be  with 
warm  olive  oil  applied  with  a large  wad  of  cotton. 
This  serves  the  purpose  of  not  only  cleansing  the 
skin,  but  leaves  just  enough  oil  so  that  chilling  of 
the  body  is  prevented.  A sponge  bath  should  be 
given  daily  until  the  navel  cord  has  dried  and  fallen 
off,  which  usually  occurs  between  the  fourth  and 
eighth  days.  Then  tub  baths  should  be  given. 

The  baby’s  bath  should  always  be  given  in  a 
warm  room,  the  temperature  being  75  and  80  de- 
grees above  zero.  A bath  thermometer  should  be 
used  to  make  sure  of  the  water  temperature,  which 
should  be  between  98  and  100  degrees,  and  the  bath- 
tub should  be  so  placed  as  to  avoid  drafts  of  air. 
In  preparation  for  the  bath  the  baby  should  be 
undressed,  and,  resting  in  the  lap  of  the  nurse, 
should  be  carefully  washed  with  fresh  water,  using 
the  bath  cloth.  Before  bathing  the  body,  the  face 
and  head  should  be  thoroughly  dried.  Then  the 
entire  body  may  be  carefully  bathed  with  castile 
soap  and  water,  keeping  the  baby  wrapped  in  the 
flannel  blanket  as  much  as  possible  while  this  is 
being  done. 

Then  place  him  gently  in  a bath  tub  and  thor- 
oughly wrinse  off  all  soap.  He  should  then  be 
placed  on  warm  towels  and  these  should  be  wrapped 


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around  him  and  gently  manipulated  until  he  is  dryo 
Another  towel  should  be  used,  to  be  sure  of  drying 
all  the  little  folds  of  flesh  under  the  arms,  at  the 
neck  and  between  the  thighs.  A little  alcohol  rub 
may  then  be  given,  and  talcum  powder  should  be 
dusted  on  the  neck,  behind  the  ear^,  under  the  arms 
and  knees  and  around  the  upper  parts  of  the  legs. 
Wipe  away  the  superfluous  powder,  that  it  may  not 
irritate  the  skin. 

As  the  baby  grows  older  the  temperature  of  the 
bath  should  be  lowered,  and  at  a year  old  85  to  90 
degrees  is  warm  enough.  As  he  grows  older  he 
may  remain  in  the  water  longer,  and,  after  the 
morning  bath,  may  receive  a dash  of  cold  water 
over  his  spine.  This  may  be  given  with  a sponge 
while  sitting  or  standing  in  the  bath  water.  This 
helps  to  harden  the  baby  and  prevents  taking  cold 
easily. 

Matters  for  Special  Care 

The  eyes  should  be  kept  carefully  cleaned  by  the 
use  of  a mild  solution  of  boracic  acid  on  absorbent 
cotton.  The  mouth  also  should  be  cleansed  care- 
fully and  a little  absorbent  cotton  wrapped  around 
the  finger  may  be  used  for  this  purpose. 

Sometimes  it  is  necessary  to  wash  the  mouth  im- 
mediately after  birth  to  remove  mucus  or  other 
material  that  may  be  there.  The  scalp  may  need 
special  attention  if  scales  appear  upon  it.  These 
may  be  removed  by  using  a little  melted  cacao 
butter.  Great  care  should  be  used  in  washing  the 
scalp  because  of  the  soft  spot  on  the  top  of  the 
head.  The  nostrils  and  ears  should  be  cleaned 
with  a wooden  toothpick  over  which  a little  ab- 
sorbent cotton  is  twisted,  care  being  taken  that  the 


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end  is  completely  covered  with  the  cotton.  It 
should  be  dipped  in  a solution  of  boracic  acid  before 
being  used. 

A safe  solution  of  boracic  acid  for  washing  the 
baby’s  mouth  may  be  made  by  dissolving  a tea- 
spoonful of  the  powder  in  a pint  of  boiling  water, 
or  a druggist  will  furnish  a 2 per  cent  solution, 
which  should  be  the  strength  called  for  for  this 
purpose. 

As  a rule,  the  regular  bath  is  not  given  in  the 
evening,  but  a general  alcohol  rub  is  beneficial  just 
before  putting  the  baby  to  bed.  If  baby’s  skin 
shows  a tendency  to  become  red  and  chafed  it  may 
be  best  to  use  no  soap  with  the  bath,  and  bathing 
thoroughly  may  be  omitted  for  a few  days  if  any 
eruption  appears  upon  the  skin. 

Absolute  cleanliness  is  of.  great  importance  with 
reference  to  not  only  the  baby’s  body  but  every- 
thing that  comes  in  contact  with  its  body.  It 
should  not  only  be  kept  clean,  but  dry. 

Feeding 

The  matter  of  feeding  is,  perhaps,  the  most  seri- 
ous problem  during  the  first  year  of  a child’s  life. 
It  is  always  best  for  the  mother  and  best  for  the 
baby  that  the  child  should  be  breast  fed  if  condi- 
tions are  normal.  Conditions  are  such  in  many 
cases  that  the  baby  has  to  be  fed  from  a bottle,  and 
great  care  has  to  be  exercised  to  prepare  a fluid 
that  as  nearly  as  possible  contains  the  same 
elements,  in  the  same  proportions,  as  does  the 
mother’s  milk. 

A good  physician  is  able  to  prescribe  a formula 
for  the  preparation  of  baby’s  food  at  different  ages, 
but  there  is  no  sure  rule  of  success  in  this  matter. 


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and  if  the  food  does  not  agree  with  the  baby  it  is 
necessary  to  experiment  until  a preparation  has 
been  secured  that  is  satisfactory.  One  of  the  best 
milk  mixtures  for  a baby  contains  cow’s  milk,  cream, 
limewater,  sugar  of  milk  and  pure  water.  The 
formula  should  be  obtained  from  a physician.  The 
time  of  feeding  is  important.  During  the  first  four 
weeks  feeding  should  be  at  intervals  of  two  hours*; 
from  four  weeks  to  three  months,  at  intervals  of 
two  and  one-half  hours;  from  three  months  to  one 
year,  three  hours,  except  at  night. 

After  the  first  three  months  the  last  feeding  at 
night  should  be  about  ten  o’clock,  and,  if  sleeping, 
the  baby  should  not  be  disturbed  to  feed  again  until 
about  four  o’clock  or  even  later  in  the  morning. 
Many  make  the  hiistake  of  not  giving  babies  enough 
water.  They  are  frequently  thirsty,  and  lukewarm 
water  should  be  given  them  several  times  a day 
from  the  first.  It  may  be  given  with  a spoon  or  a 
nursing  bottle.  They  may  quite  early  be  taught  to 
drink  from  a cup. 

Air  and  Sunshine 

The  health  of  the  baby  depends  much  on  sun- 
shine and  fresh  air.  One  should  not  be  afraid  of 
open  windows  in  the  room  where  the  baby  sleeps 
either  day  or  night.  But  great  care  should  be 
taken  to  avoid  a direct  draft  upon  the  child.  The 
baby  should  sleep  in  a separate  bed.  He  should 
take  one  or  more  naps  each  day  out  of  doors.  This 
is  usually  best  arranged  with  his  carriage  upon  a 
well-shaded  piazza.  The  child  should  be  sufficiently 
covered  to  be  perfectly  warm,  with  the  covering  so 
arranged  that  there  is  no  obstruction  to  his  breath- 
ing the  fresh  air.  The  carriage  top  should  be  ad- 
justed well  down  to  protect  from  the  wind. 


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The  air  that  the  baby  breathes  should  be  puri- 
fied and  vitalized  by  sunshine,  but  care  should  be 
taken  that  the  eyes  are  not  subjected  to  bright  light, 
especially  during  the  first  few  weeks,  and  the  direct 
rays  of  the  sun  should  not  strike  upon  the  face  or 
head.  Convulsions  and  death  sometimes  result 
from  leaving  the  baby  where  the  hot  sun  shines 
directly  upon  it. 

The  Bowels 

One  of  the  special  things  to  watch  in  caring  for 
a baby  is  the  condition  of  the  bowels.  They  are 
rarely  perfectly  regular,  but  the  appearance  of  curds 
and  highly  colored  matter  is  always  a warning  of 
digestive  derangement,  and  suggests  that  care 
should  be  taken  to  correct  the  difficulty,  through 
the  diet,  if  possible.  Any  serious  derangement 
should  be  reported  to  the  family  physician,  and  care 
should  always  be  taken  to  avoid  overfeeding. 

Babies  are  sometimes  underfed,  and  there  is  al- 
ways a possibility  that  the  mother’s  milk  may  not 
be  sufficiently  nourishing,  of  sufficient  in  quantity, 
or  that  it  may  lack  some  needed  food  element. 

Don’t  Drug  Babies 

Babies  ought  not  to  be  drugged.  Never  give 
medicine  to  a nursing  baby  unless  directed  to  do 
so  by  a good  physician.  Never  administer  pare- 
goric or  soothing  syrup.  Such  preparations  con- 
tain opium,  and  they  are  exceedingly  dangerous. 
They  are  effective  to  stop  crying  and  make  the  baby 
sleep,  but  often  babies  so  dosed  never  awaken. 
One  of  the  worst  crimes  against  babies  and  a not 
infrequent  one  is  the  habitual  use  of  soothing 
syrups  and  paregoric. 


(Dewcines 


UT  of  the  hundreds  of  drugs  and 
preparations  of  various  kinds 
known  to  medical  science,  we  have 
selected  some  of  the  most  com- 
mon. We  certainly  do  not  recom- 
mend the  household  use  of  all 
these  things,  but  it  is  worth  while 
to  know  something  about  them.  It  gives  a little 
insight  into  the  practice  of  medicine,  and  over  the 
more  dangerous  drugs  raises  a warning  signal.  It 
is  quite  as  important  to  know  what  is  dangerous 
as  what  is  safe.  A more  general  knowledge  of  the 
character  of  drugs  might  save  many  fatalities  that 
result  from  taking  the  wrong  thing.  As  an  example 
we  call  special  attention  to  the  following: 

HEADACHE  REMEDIES 

In  the  most  dangerous  class  of  remedies  that  are 
now  used  are  the  headache  powders  and  tablets. 
Three  powerful  drugs  are  commonly  used  in  the 
preparation  of  mixtures  intended  for  the  relief  of 
headache  and  other  minor  aches  and  pains.  They 
are  acetanilid,  antipyrin  and  phenacetin.  They  are 
coal  tar  products,  and  possess  similar  character- 
istics. These  drugs  were  first  used  chiefly  for  the 
reduction  of  fever,  but  doctors  came  to  employ 
them  less  and  less  for  this  purpose,  as  they  learned 


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from  experience  of  their  bad  effects.  They  gradu- 
ally came  to  be  prescribed  more  and  more  for  the 
relief  of  pain,  and  today  they  are  chiefly  used  for 
this  purpose.  They  are  extensively  advertised  and 
sold  for  the  relief  of  headache  and  other  pains, 
largely  in  the  form  of  so-called  patent  medicines. 

The  unfavorable  symptoms  produced  by  these 
drugs  affect  principally  the  heart  and  circulation, 
and  through  them  other  parts  of  the  body,  and  are 
generally  observed  as  the  result  of  their  ill-advised 
use  in  the  form  of  medicines  for  the  relief  of  head- 
ache and  other  forms  of  pain. 

The  Poisoning 

The  symptom  which  occurs  most  frequently  in 
poisoning  by  these  drugs  is  blueness  of  the  skin. 
If  the  dose  taken  has  not  been  large,  the  discolora- 
tion may  be  very  slight,  and  may  affect  only  a small 
portion  of  the  body;  thus,  in  some  persons  who 
habitually  use  headache  powders  containing  these 
drugs,  all  that  may  be  noticed  is  an  occasional  blue- 
ness of  the  lips  and  mouth,  and  possibly  of  the 
nails  and  finger  tips.  If,  however,  the  doses  are 
larger,  or  are  taken  more  frequently,  the  blueness 
may  affect  the  skin  of  the  whole  body. 

This  is  due  to  destructive  changes  in  the  blood, 
which  are  the  direct  result  of  the  use  of  the  drug, 
and  are  accompanied  by  impoverishment  of  the 
blood;  hence,  those  who  take  these  remedies 
habitually,  often  suffer  from  anaemia  and  the  symp- 
toms accompanying  this  condition — pallor,  short- 
ness of  breath,  palpitation  of  the  heart,  muscular 
weakness  and  disinclination  to  make  any  exertion. 
The  injudicious  use  of  these  remedies  also  has  a 


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harmful  effect  upon  the  heart,  thus  making  more 
pronounced  the  symptoms  already  mentioned. 

Government  Sounds  Warning 

So  many  cases  of  poisoning,  due  either  to  over- 
doses or  the  habitual  use  of  these  drugs,  and  so 
many  deaths  have  resulted,  that  the  national  govern- 
ment and  many  of  the  states  have  investigated  this 
matter  of  headache  remedies.  The  result  of  the 
investigation  has  led  to  the  issue  of  special  bulletins, 
in  which  the  public  are  warned  against  the  use  of 
acetanilid,  phenacetin  and  antipyrin,  except  as  pre- 
scribed by  a physician. 

Attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that  manufacturers 
often  misrepresent  the  contents  of  headache  rem- 
edies by  stating  upon  the  package  that  the  remedy 
is  harmless  and  contains  no  poisonous  or  harmful 
ingredients.  The  majority  of  the  manufacturers 
comply  with  the  law  by  naming  upon  the  label  the 
drugs  used  in  the  preparation.  The  claims  of 
manufacturers  of  acetanilid  preparations  that  they 
add  nourishment  for  some  part  of  the  body — ^that 
is,  as  nerve  food  or  brain  food — are  false. 

Let  Them  Alone 

The  only  safe  rule  to  follow  is  never  to  use  the 
drugs  referred  to  unless  prescribed  in  a particular 
instance  by  a reliable  physician.  There  is  danger 
of  poisoning  from  an  overdose,  and  the  habitual 
use  of  headache  powders  is  practically  certain  to 
result  in  constitutional  poisoning  that  will  result 
seriously  if  not  fatally.  Acetanilid  and  antipyrin 
are  more  dangerous  than  phenacetin,  but  the  latter 
possesses  many  of  the  harmful  characteristics  of 
the  others,  and  is  almost  as  dangerous. 


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THE  MEDICINE  LIST 

In  the  list  of  medicines  that  follows  we  have 
aimed  simply  to  state  the  character  of  each,  the 
effect  upon  the  body  and  the  purposes  for  which  it 
is  used  with  best  results. 

ACETANILID 

A coal  tar  preparation  similar  to  phenacetin  and 
antipyrin.  It  is  given  to  lower  temperature  and 
relieve  pain.  It  is  a heart  depressant,  and  its  use 
should  be  only  under  the  direction  of  a physician. 

ACONITE 

A poisonous  plant  whose  action  is  due  to  an 
alkaloid  called  aconitine.  It  lessens  pain  by  decreas- 
ing the  sensibility  of  the  nerves.  It  dilates  the 
blood  vessels  and  causes  perspiration.  It  may  be 
used  in  drop  doses  of  the  tincture  in  the  early  stages 
of  cold.  When  the  skin  is  hot  and  dry  and  the 
patient  is  feverish  and  restless,  it  quiets  the  nerves, 
moistens  the  skin  and  reduces  the  fever. 

ALCOHOL 

A fluid  resulting  from  the  fermentation  of  starch 
or  sugar.  It  is  the  most  active  ingredient  of  in- 
toxicating liquors.  Alcohol  is  not  a stimulant  in  a 
true  sense,  but  a depressant.  It  is  a good  anti- 
septic and  is  valuable  for  bathing  when  applied 
with  rubbing  and  massaging  in  cases  of  weakness 
and  disease. 


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ALOES 

A plant  of  the  lily  family,  the  dried  juice  of  the 
leaves  being  used  for  chronic  constipation.  It  is 
very  bitter  and  stimulates  the  flow  of  bile  and  other 
movements  of  the  digestive  tract.  It  is  given  in 
combination  with  aromatic  substances.  Alone  it 
causes  pain. 


ALUM 

A mineral  substance  usually  formed  in  the 
manufacture  of  coal  gas.  Applied  to  the  mucous 
membrane,  it  causes  puckering  and  thickening,  and 
diminishes  secretion.  It  checks  bleeding.  Solu- 
tions of  alum  are  used  for  mouth  washes,  and  dried 
alum  applied  to  canker  sores  destroys  the  germs 
and  helps  in  healing.  In  large  doses  it  is  poisonous 

AMMONIA 

A volatile  gas  with  an  extremely  irritating  odor, 
which,  in  solution,  is  an  alkaloid  caustic  that  will 
burn  the  mucous  membrane.  Diluted,  the  solution 
is  used  as  smelling  salts,  which  stimulates  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  nose  and  helps,  indirectly, 
to  stimulate  the  heart  action  in  cases  of  fainting  or 
poisoning.  It  is  applied  to  insect  bites  to  relieve 
the  irritation.  Aromatic  spirits  of  ammonia  are 
used  as  a heart  stimulant.  It  must  be  well  diluted 
to  prevent  poisoning. 

AMYL  NITRITE 

A volatile  oily  liquid  prepared  from  alcohol  which, 
in  the  form  of  vapor,  greatly  stimulates  heart  action 


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by  causing  dilation  of  the  blood  vessels.  It  is 
usually  used  for  inhalation  in  attacks  of  angina  pec- 
toris and  epileptic  attacks  and  other  diseases  which 
cause  acute  contraction  of  the  blood  vessels.  Its 
action  is  very  quick  and  soon  passes  away. 

ANISE 

The  fruit  of  a plant  containing  volatile  oil,  used 
to  relieve  colic  by  its  effect  of  causing  contraction 
and  the  expulsion  of  acids. 

ANTIPYRIN 

A compound  of  certain  coal  tar  products  relating 
to  the  alkaloids  which  have  the  effect  of  relieving 
neuralgia,  pains  and  spasmodic  conditions  of  the 
muscles.  It  also  reduces  the  temperature  because  of 
its  drying  effect  on  the  mucous  membrane.  It  is  used 
frequently  for  colds  in  the  head  and  chronic  catarrh. 
It  is  used  in  headache  remedies,  and  for  many  pur- 
poses in  which  the  relief  of  pain  is  sought;  also  to 
produce  sleep.  It  is  very  dangerous  for  persons 
with  weak  hearts,  because  of  its  distressing  effect 
on  the  heart  action,  and  it  should  never  be  taken 
except  in  serious  conditions  when  prescribed  by  a 
physician. 

ARNICA 

A plant,  the  tincture  of  which  is  used  as  a local 
and  internal  remedy  in  sprains  and  bruises,  and  is 
valuable  as  an  internal  treatment  of  nose  bleed  and 
other  veinous  hemorrhages. 

ARSENIC 

A mineral  poison.  It  is  used  internally  in  the 
treatment  of  various  skin  diseases,  including 


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eczema;  also  for  certain  forms  of  facial  neuralgia. 
It  is  given  for  St.  Vitus  dance,  anaemia,  malaria 
and  as  a tonic.  For  the  latter  purpose  it  is  usually 
combined  with  iron.  It  should  never  be  used  ex- 
cept as  prescribed  by  a physician,  because  of  its 
very  poisonous  nature. 

ASAFETIDA 

A gum  obtained  from  a plant  having  the  property 
of  stimulating  the  intestines  and  relieving  colic 
caused  by  intestinal  gases.  It  is  sometimes  used 
as  an  enema  for  this  purpose.  It  stimulates  the 
nervous  system,  and  it  is  sometimes  used  for 
hysteria. 

BALSAM  OF  PERU 

The  balsam  from  a Peruvian  tree  used  in  the 
treatment  of  wounds  and  ulcers  and  other  sores.  It 
relieves  inflammation  and  thus  stimulates  the  heal- 
ing processes. 

BALSAM  OF  TOLU 

Similar  to  balsam  of  Peru,  but  milder  and  less 
irritating.  It  is  used  internally  for  chronic  in- 
flammation of  the  mucous  membrane. 

BEARBERRY 

Uva  ursi,  or  bearberry  leaves,  are  used  as  an 
astringent  and  a stimulant  in  the  treatment  of  dis- 
eases of  the  kidneys  and  bladder;  sometimes  for 
diarrhea,  internal  hemorrhage  and  chronic  bron- 
chitis. 


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BELLADONNA 

A preparation  made  from  the  deadly  nightshade. 
It  contains  atropin,  'a  poisonous  alkaloid,  which  is 
used  to  relieve  neuralgia,  to  dilate  the  pupil  of  the 
eye,  and  as  an  antidote  for  opium  poisoning.  Bella- 
donna is  prescribed  for  headaches,  sore  throats, 
whooping  cough  and  to  check  secretions. 

BENZOIN 

A balsam  which  stimulates  the  mucous  mem- 
branes and  used  in  the  early  stages  of  colds  and 
mild  bronchitis.  Diluted  in  preparations  of  one  to 
one  hundred  in  v/ater  or  salve,  it  is  used  for  cracks 
in  the  skin. 

BISMUTH 

A metallic  substance,  the  insoluble  salts  of  which 
exercise  a mild  astringent  and  protective  influence 
upon  the  mucous  membranes  and  inflamed  surfaces. 
It  is  used  internally  for  vomiting  and  diarrhea,  and 
externally  for  eczema  and  other  skin  affections. 

BRANDY 

A distilled  alcoholic  liquor  made  from  grapes.  It 
is  used  medicinally  to  revive  one  from  fainting, 
drowning,  exposure  or  exhaustion  where  the 
pulse  is  rapid  and  weak.  It  is  more  cordial  to  the 
stomach  and  causes  more  agreeable  exhilaration 
than  whisky,  which  is  used  for  similar  purposes. 


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BROMIDE  OF  POTASSIUM 

A compound  of  bromine  and  potash.  It  has  a 
quieting  effect  upon  the  nervous  system,  and  is 
given  for  epilepsy,  delirium  tremens,  and  various 
forms  of  insanity  and  neuralgia. 

BROMIDE  OF  SODIUM 

A compound  of  bromine,  carbonate  of  soda  and 
iron ; it  has  a quieting  effect  upon  the  nervous  sys- 
tem, and  tends  to  induce  sleep.  It  is  an  astringent 
and  a mild  antiseptic. 

BROMINE 

A liquid  non-metallic  element  obtained  from  sea 
water  and  from  some  salt  springs.  It  is  a violent 
irritant,  and  was  formerly  used  for  the  purposes  for 
which  iodine  is  used.  It  is  a powerful  disinfectant, 
but  its  odor  is  so  pungent  and  disagreeable  that  it 
is  now  seldom  employed. 

BROOM 

Irish  broom,  or  scoparius,  is  a shrub.  It  is  bene- 
ficial in  the  treatment  of  dropsy.  It  increases  the 
secretion  of  urine,  stimulates  the  circulation  of  the 
blood,  and  depresses  the  nervous  system.  It  will 
sometimes  cure  severe  attacks  of  hiccough. 

BUCHU 

Leaves  of  a plant  used  to  stimulate  the  mucous 
membrane  of  the  genito-urinary  tract. 


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CACAO  BUTTER 

The  oil  from  the  seed  of  cacao  removed  in  the 
manufacture  of  chocolate.  It  is  a mild  lubricant 
for  the  skin  and  of  nutritive  value  when  thus  ap- 
plied. It  is  excellent  as  a base  for  suppositories. 

CAFFEIN 

An  alkaloid  found  in  coffee,  which  stimulates  the 
brain,  causing  wakefulness,  and  stimulates  the  heart 
and  blood  vessels.  It  causes  an  increase  in  the 
flow  of  urine.  It  is  used  in  the  treatment  of  vari- 
ous diseases  when  these  results  are  desired.  Strong 
coffee  is  an  antidote  for  opium  poisoning  and  is 
used  as  an  antiseptic  and  deodorant. 

CALABAR  BEAN 

It  is  a seed  of  the  African  plant  sometimes  known 
as  physostigma.  It  is  poisonous.  Calabar  is  used 
in  certain  disorders  of  the  eye  to  contract  the  pupil, 
and  is  used  to  stimulate  the  action  of  the  digestive 
organs  for  certain  lung  diseases,  and  sometimes  for 
cholera.  It  is  administered  in  powder  form  or  tinc- 
ture or  extract. 

CALENDULA 

The  tincture  is  made  from  the  fresh  flowers  of 
the  marigold  plant.  It  is  used  in  the  treatment  of 
wounds,  burns  and  ulcerated  conditions  of  the  skin 
and  mucous  membranes. 

CALOMEL 

A mercury  compound  used  as  a cathartic.  It  is 
irritating  and  stimulates  the  muscular  action  of  the 


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digestive  organs;  causes  an  increase  in  the  flow  of 
bile,  and  at  the  same  time  clears  out  the  intestines. 
As  a powder,  it  is  used  for  external  treatment  of 
various  skin  diseases. 

CALUMBA 

The  root  of  a tropical  vine,  used  as  a bitter 
cathartic.  It  is  frequently  used  in  combination 
with  iron  in  the  treatment  of  anaemia. 

CAMPHOR 

A gum  from  an  oriental  tree.  It  is  an  irritant, 
and  stimulates  the  nervous  system,  the  action  of 
the  heart  and  the  lungs.  It  is  used  in  a solution 
with  alcohol  as  a liniment  for  sprains  and  bruises 
and  for  rheumatism.  It  is  given  internally  for 
nervous  conditions,  headache  and  to  cure  hiccough ; 
also  for  cold  in  the  head  and  diarrhea.  It  is  usually 
employed  in  the  form  of  spirits. 

CANTHARIDES 

A Spanish  fly  which  is  dried  in  powder  form.  It 
is  a powerful  irritant.  It  is  used  externally  to  pro- 
duce blisters,  and,  by  counter  irritation  of  the  skin, 
relieves  various  internal  diseases.  Internally,  it  is 
valuable  in  the  treatment  of  inflammation  of  the 
kidneys  and  bladder. 

CARBOLIC  ACID 

A dangerous,  irritating  poison,  which  is  used  in 
diluted  form  as  an  antiseptic  and  in  strong  solu- 
tions for  disinfecting  purposes.  Because  of  its 


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poisonous  nature,  several  other  preparations  are 
preferable  for  use  as  an  antiseptic. 

CASCARA  SAGRADA 

The  bark  of  a tree  having  a resin  that  stimulates 
the  digestive  functions.  It  is  used  as  a laxative  and 
cathartic.  It  is  especially  useful  for  chronic  con- 
stipation. 


CASTOR  OIL 

An  oil  obtained  from  the  seed  of  the  castor  oil 
plant.  It  contains  an  acid  which  helps  to  make  it 
effective  as  a cathartic.  It  thoroughly  empties  the 
intestines  and  then  tends  to  check  further  dis- 
charges. 

CHALK 

A mineral  resembling  limestone,  which  forms  an 
important  part  of  the  organic  matter  of  the  bones. 
It  is  used  in  the  treatment  of  diarrhea.  It  has  a 
slight  astringent  action  and  tends  to  neutralize  the 
acid  condition  of  the  intestines.  Limewater  is  a 
weak  solution  of  calcium  hydrate  which  has  the 
properties  of  chalk,  and  is  used  to  overcome  acidity 
in  the  digestive  organs. 

CHAULMOOGRA 

The  oil  from  the  seed  of  the  gynocardia  tree.  If 
is  used  in  treatment  of  leprosy  and  other  chronic 
skin  diseases. 


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CHLORAL 

A sleep-producing  drug  of  a volatile  and  soluble 
nature,  which  has  the  effect  of  depressing  all  the 
functions  of  the  body,  especially  the  nervous  sys- 
tem. It  is  exceedingly  dangerous,  because  of  the 
depressing  effect  upon  the  heart  and  lungs.  It  is 
prescribed  for  convulsions ; in  some  cases  of  poison- 
ing, and  lockjaw.  It  is  never  to  be  given  to  chil- 
dren unless  prescribed  by  a physician. 

CHLORATE  OF  POTASH 

A mineral  drug  used  as  a gargle  and  as  a mouth 
wash  for  various  forms  of  inflammation. 

CHLOROFORM 

A drug  derived  from  chlorin  and  alcohol  which 
is  used  as  an  ansesthetic,  the  patient  losing  con- 
sciousness and  sensibility.  Its  danger  is  that  it 
often  causes  death,  due  to  complete  muscular  re- 
laxation. Internally,  it  is  given  for  intestinal  colic, 
and  in  liniment  is  applied  for  muscular  pains. 

CITRIC  ACID 

An  acid  found  most  extensively  in  lemon  juice, 
but  in  smaller  quantities  in  such  acid  fluids  as 
oranges  and  strawberries.  The  acid  itself  is  not  so 
desirable  to  use  as  lemon  juice.  It  has  a stimulat- 
ing effect  on  the  kidneys.  It  causes  irritation  of 
the  bladder.  It  improves  the  quality  of  the  blood, 
and  is  used  for  rheumatism  and  catarrhal  jaundice. 


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CLAY 

A kind  of  earth  used  as  a basis  for  certain  pills 
and  ointments ; saturated  with  antiseptics,  it  makes 
a good  dressing  for  infected  wounds  or  ulcers. 

CLOVES 

The  flower  bud  of  an  oriental  tree  used  for  its 
stimulating  and  warming  effect.  It  is  prescribed 
for  colic,  to  relieve  coughing,  and  for  toothache. 
In  the  latter  case,  the  oil  is  applied  on  cotton  put 
into  the  cavity  of  the  decayed  tooth. 

CODEIN 

A product  of  opium  of  an  alkaloid  nature,  used 
to  produce  sleep,  and  given  also  to  stop  coughing. 
It  is  sometimes  prescribed  for  diabetes.  It  is  less 
powerful  than  morphine,  and  tends  to  reduce  some- 
what the  disagreeable  and  dangerous  effects  of  mor- 
phine. It  is  less  apt  to  cause  nausea  and  constipa- 
tion. 

COD  LIVER  OIL 

An  oil  obtained  from  the  liver  of  the  codfish.  It 
contains  iodine  and  fats.  It  is  administered  as  a 
food  that  is  easily  assimilated;  often  used  as  an 
aid  to  nutrition,  especially  in  cases  of  tuberculosis, 
anaemia  and  rickets.  It  tends  to  produce  nausea 
because  of  its  fishy  taste,  especially  when  the  diges-< 
tive  tract  is  out  of  order. 

COFFEE 

This  well-known  and  popular  beverage  excites 
nerve  action,  particularly  the  brain.  It  is  often  given 


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as  an  antidote  in  cases  of  opium  poisoning.  It  is 
useful  as  a stimulant  in  cases  of  extreme  fatigue 
and  debility.  The  alkaloid  caffein,  from  coffee,  is 
used  as  a heart  and  kidney  stimulant. 

COLCHICUM 

A European  plant  containing  the  alkaloid  colchi- 
cin.  It  is  a valuable  drug  in  gout  and  rheumatism, 
usually  given  as  the  wine  of  colchicum. 

COLD  CREAM 

Many  preparations  bearing  this  name  are  used  to 
keep  the  skin,  especially  of  the  hands  and  face,  in 
good  condition.  No  other  preparation  quite  takes 
the  place  of  cold  cream.  Harsh  and  sticky  applica- 
tions are  not  desirable  for  keeping  the  skin  smooth 
and  soft.  The  following  are  recipes  for  cold 
creams  that  may  be  made  at  home.  They  are  much 
less  expensive  than  the  cold  creams  sold  at  the 
drug  stores.  Here  is  one : Melt  and  mix  together 

one  dram  each  of  white  wax  and  spermaceti,  and 
while  warm  add  two  ounces  each  of  oil  of  almonds 
and  rose  water  and  one-half  ounce  of  orange  flower 
water.  Beat  until  the  mixture  is  of  a creamy  con- 
sistency. Put  into  small  jars  well  covered,  and  set 
away  in  a cold  place. 

Another:  Melt  and  mix  one-half  ounce  each  of 

spermaceti  and  white  wax,  one  ounce  each  of  cacao 
butter  and  lanolin  and  two  ounces  of  sweet  almond 
oil.  Remove  from  the  fire  and  add  one  dram  of 
tincture  of  benzoin  and  two  ounces  of  rose  water. 
Beat  until  cold. 

Still  another : Four  ounces  almond  oil,  one  ounce 
of  spermaceti  and  white  wax  and  two  ounces  of 


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cucumber  juice.  Take  a ripe  cucumber,  chopped 
fine,  pound  to  a paste  and  squeeze  out  the  juice 
through  a jelly  bag.  Melt  the  spermaceti  and  white 
wax  by  putting  them  in  a porcelain  dish  in  a sauce- 
pan of  boiling  water;  then  add  the  almond  oil  and 
cucumber  juice.  Perfume  with  one-half  dram  of 
violet  extract.  Beat  until  cold. 

A good  lip  salve  is  made  by  melting  together 
when  gently  heated,  one-half  ounce  of  cacao  butter 
and  one-fourth  ounce  of  oil  of  almonds,  to  which 
is  added  six  drops  of  essence  of  lemon.  This  should 
be  mixed  well  and  poured  into  small  molds  to  cool. 

COLLODION 

Guncotton  in  solution  with  ether  and  alcohol.  It 
is  used  for  an  airtight  covering  of  the  skin  by  paint- 
ing upon  the  surface.  The  liquid  evaporates 
quickly,  leaving  a firm,  thin  film.  Sometimes  3 per 
cent  of  castor  oil  and  5 per  cent  of  Canada  turpen- 
tine are  added  to  collodion  to  make  the  film  more 
elastic;  or  one  part  castor  oil  to  fifteen  parts  col- 
lodion may  be  used.  Collodion  is  applied  in  the 
treatment  of  insect  stings,  burns,  ulcers,  smallpox, 
erysipelas  and  various  other  skin  diseases.  It  is 
valuable  in  the  treatment  of  sores  that  do  not  heal 
readily.  Irritants,  such  as  cantharides,  are  some- 
times applied  with  collodion.  There  is  great  dan- 
ger from  fire  in  its  use,  as  collodion  is  very  inflam- 
mable. 

COPPER  SULPHATE 

A metal  preparation  known  as  blue  vitriol.  It  is 
poisonous,  irritating  and  used  chiefly  as  an  emetic 
and  antiseptic.  Externally,  it  is  applied  as  a 
caustic. 


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CORROSIVE  SUBLIMATE 

Bichloride  of  mercury.  A mineral  compound  used 
in  the  treatment  of  various  skin  diseases  and  in 
syphilis.  It  is  especially  valuable  as  a disinfectant 
and  sterilizing  solution.  It  is  a powerful  poison, 
and  its  use  should  be  under  the  direction  of  a phy- 
sician. 

COTTON  ROOT  BARK 

The  bark  when  fresh  is  used  to  prepare  an  ex- 
tract that  stimulates  the  action  of  the  intestines  and 
the  uterus. 

CREOLIN 

A poisonous  coal  tar  product.  It  is  a good  an- 
tiseptic and  deodorant. 

CREOSOTE 

An  oily  fluid  distilled  from  beech  wood.  Its  ac- 
tion is  similar  to  that  of  carbolic  acid.  It  is  used 
to  apply  on  cotton  for  toothache.  In  diluted  form 
it  is  given  to  prevent  fermentation  in  the  stomach, 
and  is  prescribed  for  consumption  and  chronic  bron- 
chitis. 

CROTON  OIL 

An  oil  obtained  from  a tree  in  India.  It  is  a 
powerful  irritant  and  one  of  the  quickest  purgatives 
known.  One  or  two  drops  in  olive  oil  or  butter  will 
move  the  bowels  almost  immediately.  In  diluted 
form  it  is  used  as  a counter  irritant  for  sprains  and 


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muscular  rheumatism.  It  is  dangerous  except  when 
given  under  the  direction  of  a physician. 

CUBEBS 

The  unripe  berries  have  an  oil  which  is  used  in 
bronchitis  and  urethral  inflammations. 

DAMIANA 

A plant,  the  fluid  extract  of  which  has  stimulant, 
tonic  and  laxative  properties. 

DANDELION 

Preparations  from  the  root  of  the  dandelion,  used 
in  the  treatment  of  dyspepsia  and  constipation,  as  a 
mild  stimulant,  which  acts  somewhat  on  the 
stomach  and  bowels. 

DIGITALIS 

The  tincture  is  made  from  the  ripe  leaves  of  the 
foxglove.  It  stimulates  the  muscles  of  the  heart 
and  blood  vessels,  thus  increasing  and  making  more 
regular  the  circulation  of  the  blood  throughout  the 
body.  It  is  given  as  a heart  tonic,  and,  combined 
with  other  remedies,  for  kidney  diseases. 

DOVER’S  POWDERS 

A compound  acid  of  ten  parts  each  of  ipecac  and 
opium  and  8o  parts  of  sugar  of  milk.  It  re- 
lieves pain  and  is  given  principally  in  dysentery 
and  diarrhea. 


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EPSOM  SALTS 

The  salts  of  magnesia.  They  are  used  as  a 
cathartic;  sometimes  given  to  reduce  the  amount 
of  fluid  in  the  body  in  dropsy  and  uremia. 

ERGOT 

A fungus  which  forms  upon  the  grain  heads  of 
rye.  It  is  used  chiefly  to  stop  hemorrhage  of  the 
uterus  after  child  birth.  Its  effect  is  to  cause  mus- 
cular contraction.  Ergot  is  sometimes  given  for 
goitre,  to  reduce  the  enlargement  of  the  thyroid 
gland. 

ETHER 

An  inflammable  liquid  made  through  the  action 
of  sulphuric  acid  upon  alcohol.  Its  vapor  is  used 
as  an  anaesthetic.  It  acts  similar  to  chloroform, 
but  is  much  safer. 

FLAXSEED 

The  crushed  seeds  of  flax  plant  are  used  for  poul- 
tices. They  contain  a large  amount  of  oil  and  this 
helps  to  hold  the  heat  for  a long  time.  Such  poul- 
tices are  insanitary  because  they  encourage  the  in- 
crease of  germs.  Flaxseed  tea  is  a cooling  drink 
for  sore  throat,  and  inflammation  of  the  stomach, 
intestines  and  bladder. 

FORMALDEHYDE 

A gas  formed  by  a compound  of  carbon,  hydrogen 
and  oxygen.  It  is  obtained  by  the  incomplete  burn- 


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ing  of  wood  alcohol.  Formaldehyde  solutions, 
known  as  formalin,  are  used  as  antiseptics  and  dis- 
infectants. All  such  preparations'  are  poisonous 
and  of  a highly  irritating  nature.  A weak  solution 
of  from  one-half  to  one  per  cent  formaldehyde  is 
used  as  an  antiseptic  wash.  Because  of  its  irritat- 
ing qualities,  it  should  be  used  with  great  caution. 
The  most  popular  use  of  formalin  is  as  a disinfectant 
by  the  process  of  fumigation.  The  method  of  using 
it  is  described  elsewhere  in  this  book  under  Fumiga- 
tion. 

GELSEMIUM 

A preparation  made  from  the  fresh  roots  of  the 
yellow  jasmin.  It  causes  paralysis  of  the  muscles, 
especially  of  the  extremities.  It  is  used  in  nervous 
headaches,  the  grippe  and  painful  menstruation. 

GENTIAN 

The  root  of  the  yellow  gentian;  is  prepared  in 
medicine  for  regulating  digestive  troubles.  It  is 
bitter,  having  the  effect  of  increasing  the  appetite. 
It  often  relieves  dyspepsia  and  constipation. 

GERANIUM 

A preparation  from  this  herb  relieves  certain 
forms  of  diarrhea.  It  is  astringent  and  not  irritat- 
ing. 

GINGER 

A plant  grown  in  tropical  countries.  A tincture 
or  extract  is  made  from  the  bark.  It  is  used  to 
relieve  menstrual  cramps.  It  is  an  astringent,  and 
used  also  for  flavoring  medicines. 


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GLYCERIN 

A sweet  liquid  obtained  from  fat  and  fixed  oils. 
It  absorbs  moisture  very  readily  and  thus  has  the 
effect  of  drawing  water  from  the  tissues  of  the  body 
applied  to  them.  It  is  used  with  castor  oil  as  a 
laxative;  is  applied  for  the  relief  of  piles;  and 
with  a solution  of  borax  is  applied  to  cracked  lips. 
On  account  of  its  drying  effect  it  is  not  well  to  use 
it  much  upon  the  surface,  as  it  tends  to  cause  chap- 
ping. 

GOLDEN  SEAL 

This  herb,  including  its  root,  is  known  also  as 
yellow  root,  orange  root  and  Indian  dye.  The  scien- 
tific name  is  hydrastis.  In  the  form  of  a tincture, 
fluid  extract  or  infusion  it  is  used  for  dyspepsia, 
jaundice,  chronic  diarrhea  and  as  a remedy  for  gas- 
tric catarrh,  caused  by  alcoholism.  It  is  also  a 
remedy  for  catarrhal  inflammations  of  all  mucous 
membranes.  It  is  given  as  a substitute  for  alco- 
holic stimulants,  and  is  a good  general  tonic. 

HENBANE 

Hyoscyamus.  The  leaves  of  this  plant  are  used 
in  the  preparation  of  a drug  that  encourages  sleep, 
quiets  the  nerves,  relieves  certain  forms  of  asthma 
when  given  hypodermically.  It  sometimes  gives 
relief  in  epilepsy,  in  cholera  and  in  lockjaw.  It  is 
a very  powerful  drug  and  its  use  should  always  be 
under  the  direction  of  a physician.  Its  action  is 
similar  to  that  of  belladonna. 


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HOFFMANN’S  ANODYNE 

A preparation  of  ether  and  alcohol  used  to  relieve 
pain.  It  is  a stimulant,  and  is  used  to  relieve 
sleeplessness  and  nervous  conditions,  especially 
hysteria.  It  is  a remedy  for  colic. 

HOPS 

Like  other  bitters,  hops  tend  to  invigorate  diges- 
tion. They  help  to  quiet  the  nerves,  and  thus 
have  a mild  sleep-producing  effect.  In  certain 
forms  of  dyspepsia  they  are  helpful.  They  are 
among  the  best  remedies  for  delirium  tremens,  and 
help  to  relieve  the  inflammation  caused  by  bladder 
troubles.  Applied  externally  in  the  form  of  a poul- 
tice mixed  with  vinegar,  alcohol  or  hot  water  they 
help  sometimes  to  relieve  muscular  rheumatism, 
toothache,  bruises,  colics  and  painful  abscesses. 

ICHTHYOL 

A crude  oil  obtained  from  a European  rock,  made 
up  largely  of  the  fossils  of  fish.  The  oil  contains 
sulphur,  and  it  is  used  in  the  treatment  of  erysipelas 
and  various  skin  diseases.  It  is  used  in  inflamma- 
tions of  mucous  membranes  and  joints.  It  is  anti- 
septic and  stimulating. 

INDIAN  HEMP 

The  flowering  tops  of  an  oriental  tree.  It  is  used 
to  induce  sleep  in  cases  of  pain  or  nervous  exhaus- 
tion. In  eastern  countries  it  is  used  as  an  opiate  to 
induce  sensations  similar  to  those  produced  by 
opium. 


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IODINE 

A non-metallic  element  obtained  principally  from 
the  ashes  of  seaweed ; also  found  in  some  minerals. 
It  is  used  chiefly  in  solution  with  alcohol  as  a coun- 
ter irritant  and  antiseptic.  Painted  upon  the  skin, 
it  is  used  for  sprains,  and,  diluted,  it  is  used  as  a 
wash  for  infected  wounds  and  ulcers.  In  smallpox, 
it  tends  to  prevent  pitting.  It  checks  the  spread  of 
erysipelas  in  mild  cases.  Painted  upon  the  gum  it 
sometimes  relieves  toothache. 

IODOFORM 

A drug  prepared  from  a mixture  of  other  drugs, 
including  iodine,  potassium  bicarbonate  and  alcohol. 
It  is  used  as  a dusting  powder  for  treatment  of 
ulcers  and  lupus  of  the  skin,  and  for  surgical  and 
other  wounds.  But  it  is  much  milder  and  slower 
in  its  action  than  many  antiseptics.  With  olive  oil, 
it  is  used  as  an  injection  for  tuberculous  sinuses. 
It  has  the  advantage  of  not  being  irritating.  Many 
do  not  care  to  use  iodoform  because  of  its  disagree- 
able odor. 

IPECAC 

The  root  of  a South  American  herb.  It  is  a 
powerful  irritant  and  emetic.  It  is  used  in  the 
treatment  of  chronic  diarrhea;  for  tropical  dysen- 
tery, and  with  opium,  in  DovePs  powders,  to  break 
up  a cold.  It  is  a popular  emetic  for  young  chil- 
dren. It  is  given  in  half-teaspoonful  doses  every 
fifteen  minutes  until  four  doses  have  been  taken, 
or  vomiting  has  been  caused.  Not  more  than  four 
doses  should  be  given.  It  is  used  for  poisoning. 


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spasmodic  croup  and  to  cause  expulsion  of  mucus. 
Syrup  of  ipecac  is  the  form  in  which  it  is  given  to 
children.  For  adults  small  doses  of  wine  of  ipecac 
may  relieve  the  nausea.  Ipecac  is  given  for 
hemorrhage  of  the  stomach  and  uterus.  It  causes 
contraction,  and  it  is  a heart  depressant.  It  is 
sometimes  given  for  bronchitis. 

IRIS 

The  leaves  and  root  of  the  blue  flag  are  used 
chiefly  as  a cathartic.  It  regulates  the  liver  and 
glands  of  the  intestines. 

IRON 

The  salts  of  iron  are  used  extensively  to  improve 
the  quality  and  increase  the  quantity  of  blood.  It 
helps  to  increase  the  red  cells  of  the  blood,  which 
are  lacking  in  anaemia.  Preparations  of  iron  are 
used  to  stop  bleeding  and  discharges  from  the 
mucous  membranes,  being  astringent.  Iron  causes 
destruction  of  the  teeth  when  brought  in  contact 
with  them,  so  it  should  be  given  through  a glass 
tube. 

JUNIPER 

Juniper  berries  are  used  in  preparations  for  diges- 
tive stimulants.  Also  for  catarrh  of  the  urinary 
passages  and  for  dropsy.  The  bruised  berries  are 
sometimes  applied  to  relieve  local  pain. 

KUMISS 

This  preparation,  and  kephir,  are  known  as  milk 
wines.  They  are  prepared  from  milk  by  ferment- 


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ing  with  yeast,  and  are  prescribed  for  consumption, 
scrofula,  anaemia,  chronic  constipation  and  scurvy. 

LANOLIN 

The  purified  fat  obtained  from  sheep’s  wool.  It 
is  used  as  a basis  for  salves  and,  although  it  has  a 
soothing  effect  on  the  skin,  it  has  no  special  medical 
value  itself.  It  is  used  for  ointments  containing 
iodine,  with  salicylic  acid,  for  eczema ; and  with  cor- 
rosive sublimate  or  carbolic  acid  for  various  skin 
diseases. 

LARKSPUR 

A plant  containing,  among  other  alkaloids,  del- 
phinine. The  European  variety  known  as  staves- 
acre  is  used  in  medicine.  It  has  been  applied  ex- 
ternally in  the  form  of  an  alcohol  liniment  for  the 
relief  of  neuralgia.  Tincture  of  larkspur  is  used 
to  kill  lice  in  the  hair. 

LIMEWATER 

A solution  of  lime  considerably  diluted  with 
water.  It  is  used  to  counteract  the  effects  of  ex- 
cessive acid  in  the  stomach  and  intestines.  It  is 
also  given  to  relieve  nausea.  It  is  astringent  and 
beneficial  when  applied  locally  for  various  skin  dis- 
eases, as  eczema  and  ulcers. 

MAGNESIA 

A metallic  element,  the  salts  of  which  are  used 
as  a laxative.  It  tends  to  neutralize  the  acid  in  the 
digestive  canal,  and  is  used  in  various  forms  for  the 


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treatment  of  digestive  disorders.  Citrate  of  mag- 
nesia, in  which  magnesia  is  combined  with  citrate 
acid,  is  an  agreeable  but  powerful  cathartic.  Mag- 
nesia is  extensively  used  in  the  form  of  sulphate  of 
magnesium,  better  known  as  epsom  salts,  as  a 
cathartic.  Its  action  is  prompt  and  thorough. 

MALE  FERN 

The  dried  leaves  of  this  plant  are  used  for  a 
preparation  that  will  kill  tapeworm.  In  rare  cases 
it  causes  poisoning,  but  not  usually  when  given  in 
small  quantities.  Its  use  should  always  be  under 
the  direction  of  a physician. 

MANDRAKE 

An  herb  known  also  as  podophyllum.  It  is  a 
slow  but  completely  effective  cathartic.  It  stim- 
ulates the  flow  of  bile  and  the  action  of  the  in- 
testines. It  is  often  given  in  pills  in  combination 
with  other  drugs. 

MARSHMALLOW 

An  herb,  the  root  of  which  is  used  to  relieve  in- 
flammation of  the  mucous  membrane  and  the  respir- 
atory, digestive  and  urinary  organs.  Poultices  pre- 
pared with  it  are  used  to  relieve  inflammations  of 
the  skin.  It  is  prescribed  for  the  relief  of  mild 
catarrhal  conditions  in  the  form  of  a decoction  or 
syrup,  the  sugar  and  mucilage  it  contains  having  a 
soothing  effect. 

MENTHOL 

A drug  obtained  from  oil  of  peppermint.  It  is 
employed  locally  to  relieve  pain,  producing  a par- 


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tial  lack  of  sensation.  It  often  relieves  superficial 
neuralgic  pains;  the  itching  and  burning  pain  of 
eczema ; insect  bites ; superficial  burns  and  scalds ; 
boils  and  carbuncles.  It  sometimes  relieves  head- 
ache. It  is  usually  applied  by  a menthol  pencil 
rubbed  upon  the  surface.  In  solution  it  relieves 
congestion  of  the  mucous  membranes  of  the  nose 
and  throat.  It  is  given  internally  for  some  forms 
of  dyspepsia. 

MERCURY 

A metallic  drug  which,  in  the  compound  known 
as  calomel,  is  used  as  a cathartic.  Mercury  is  the 
only  positive  remedy  for  syphilis,  but  its  use  is  at- 
tended by  great  danger,  and  it  should  be  used  only 
as  directed  by  a physician.  The  drug  is  sometimes 
rubbed  upon  the  skin  and  thus  absorbed  by  the 
system. 

MUSK 

A secretion  from  the  musk  deer  of  Asia.  It  is 
prescribed  to  relieve  acute  nervous  disorders,  es- 
pecially involving  spasms.  It  is  given  for  nervous 
conditions  which  arise  in  fevers  and  pneumonia; 
also  cholera  infantum,  whooping  cough,  spasmodic 
croup,  hiccough,  cholera  and  sometimes  lockjaw 
and  hysteria.  It  is  not  only  quieting,  producing 
refreshing  sleep,  but  is  at  the  same  time  stimulating 
and  tends  to  prevent  collapse.  The  drug  is  very 
expensive. 


MYRRH 


A resinous  gum  from  an  Arabian  tree.  It  is  a 
stimulant  and  tonic,  and  in  small  doses  tends  to  im- 


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prove  the  appetite  and  digestion.  In  some  forms  of 
anaemia  it  is  prescribed  in  a mixture  of  iron.  It  is 
also  given  for  chronic  bronchitis. 

MORPHINE 

An  alkaloid  obtained  from  opium.  It  is  used  to 
cause  sleep  and  to  relieve  pain.  It  should  never  be 
given  to  children.  It  is  a dangerous  drug,  and 
should  be  given  only  when  prescribed  by  a phy- 
sician. Its  repeated  use  may  lead  to  formation  of 
the  drug  habit. 


NAPHTHALIN 

This  IS  a coal  tar  product,  which  is  a powerful 
antiseptic.  It  is  used  to  prevent  putrefaction  in 
wounds  and  ulcers.*  It  does  not  irritate  surround- 
ing skin  or  exposed  tissues.  It  is  also  used  to  pre- 
vent fermentation,  and  is  given  in  some  forms  of 
diarrhea. 

NITRATE  OF  SILVER 

Fused  nitrate  of  silver,  or  lunar  caustic,  is  a 
preparation  of  silver,  nitrate  acid  and  boric  acid; 
is  given  internally  to  relieve  various  stomach  dis- 
orders which  occur  in  diarrhea  and  cholera.  It  is 
also  prescribed  for  epilepsy.  Externally,  it  is  applied 
to  cancerous  and  other  ulcers,  burns,  erysipelas, 
and  it  is  sometimes  used  in  the  treatment  of  diph- 
theria, croup,  laryngitis.  Diluted  to  i per  cent,  it 
is  used  to  cleanse  the  eyes  of  new-born  infants.  It 
is  astringent  and  antiseptic,  and  a powerful  caustic. 
It  is  used  as  a caustic  in  the  treatment  of  warts, 
corns  and  callouses.  It  is  poison  and  should  be  used 
with  great  caution. 


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NUX  VOMICA 

A poisonous  drug  containing  strychnine  prepared 
from  the  seeds  of  a tree  that  grows  in  East  India. 
In  small  doses  it  stimulates  the  digestive  organs. 
It  also  makes  more  active  the  circulation  and 
respiration  and  renders  sight  and  hearing  more 
acute.  It  is  frequently  prescribed  as  a bitter  tonic. 
The  drug  is  very  poisonous  and  dangerous  except 
in  the  hands  of  a good  physician. 

r 

OLIVE  OIL 

The  oil  of  ripe  olives,  also  known  as  sweet  oil. 
It  is  used  as  an  important  article  of  food  and  acts 
as  a mild  laxative  for  infants.  It  stimulates  the 
flow  of  bile.  It  is  soothing  and  effective  as  an 
enema.  It  is  applied  to  relieve  the  pain  of  insect 
bites  and  stings,  also  burns. 

OX  GALL 

Dried  bile  from  cattle.  It  is  prepared  in  the  form 
of  a pill  or  enemas  to  relieve  constipation,  and  the 
flow  of  bile. 

OXYGEN 

The  gas  which  forms  an  important  part  of  the 
atmosphere,  and  through  the  processes  of  breath- 
ing is  taken  up  by  the  blood,  furnishing  a neces- 
sary element  of  the  body.  Oxygen  is  used  for 
medical  purposes  by  inhalation  in  pneumonia  and 
other  diseases  attended  by  difficult  breathing.  It  is 
administered  for  poisoning  from  breathing  illumi- 
nating gas.  It  is  sometimes  mixed  with  ether, 


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chloroform  and  laughing  gas,  when  these  are  used 
as  anaesthetics,  to  lessen  their  ill  effects.  It  is 
sometimes  used  in  severe  cases  of  anaemia. 

PANCREATIN 

An  extract  prepared  from  the  pancreas  of  cattle 
or  pigs.  It  is  used  for  aiding  intestinal  digestion. 

PAREGORIC 

A tincture  of  opium  and  camphor.  It  is  fre- 
quently used  to  quiet  young  children  and  many 
deaths  are  thus  caused.  It  should  never  be  given 
to  children  except  when  in  acute  conditions  a phy- 
sician prescribes  it.  It  has  the  familiar  properties 
of  opium  of  causing  sleep  and  relieving  pain.  It  is 
sometimes  given  to  relieve  colic,  but  its  use  to 
check  the  discharges  of  diarrhea  is  a dangerous 
practice.  It  should  never  be  used  to  induce  sleep. 

PENNYROYAL 

The  leaves  of  this  herb  are  used  to  make  a hot 
infusion  that  helps  to  relieve  congestion  of  the  in- 
testines caused  by  diarrhea.  It  is  used  to  relieve 
inflammation  of  the  throat,  also  muscular  rheuma- 
tism. It  is  sometimes  given  to  bring  on  retarded 
or  suspended  menstruation.  Its  use  for  such  pur- 
poses is  exceedingly  dangerous,  frequently  causing 
fatal  poisoning. 

PEPPER 

Pepper  berries  dried  and  ground  is  a common 
product.  It  is  a powerful  stimulant  and  irritant. 


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It  is  used  medicinally  as  a counter  irritant  and  for 
the  relief  of  intermittent  fever.  In  the  latter  case 
it  is  combined  with  quinine.  Pepper  is  sometimes 
used  in  gargles,  in  poultices  and  for  the  relief  of 
muscular  rheumatism,  headache  and  colic. 

PEPPERMINT 

An  herb  used  in  flavoring.  Medicinally,  it  is 
used  to  relieve  colic.  The  oil  of  peppermint  is  some- 
times applied  for  the  relief  of  neuralgia,  toothache 
and  rheumatic  pains.  If  allowed  to  remain  long 
upon  the  skin  the  oil  may  cause  blisters.  It  is, 
therefore,  best  to  remove  it  as  soon  as  the  burning 
sensation  is  pronounced,  and  to  apply  a soothing 
oil  or  vaseline. 

PEPSIN 

The  digestive  element  of  the  gastric  Juice.  The 
medicinal  preparation  is  obtained  from  the  stomach 
of  a pig,  sheep  or  calf.  It  promotes  the  digestion 
of  albuminous  foods,  including  eggs  and  meat.  It 
is  usually  prepared  with  hydrochloric  acid,  and  is 
prescribed  for  digestive  disorders  due  to  a lack  of 
pepsin  in  the  gastric  juice.  In  some  cases  it  is  used 
to  start  the  process  of  digestion  in  foods  before  they 
are  swallowed. 

PERMANGANATE  OF  POTASH 

An  alkaline  antiseptic.  Solutions  are  applied  ex- 
ternally in  fetid  conditions  of  cancer  and  other 
abscesses,  ulcers  and  gangrene.  As  a wash  it  is 
used  to  purify  foul  breath  due  to  decayed  teeth  or 
unhealthy  secretions  of  the  throat,  and  for  unpleas- 


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ant  odors  from  the  feet  or  armpits.  Used  in  strong 
solution  it  is  the  best  local  application  to  overcome 
the  poisonous  effects  of  snake  bites. 

PEROXIDE  OF  HYDROGEN 

A combination  of  hydrogen  and  oxygen  which 
undergo  a chemical  change.  It  is  a valuable  agent 
for  cleansing  abscesses  and  ulcers,  and  for  gargles 
in  diphtheria  and  tonsilitis.  It  is  used  for  bleach- 
ing the  hair  and  removing  powder  stains. 

PHENACETIN 

A drug  resembling  acetanilid  obtained  from  coal 
tar.  It  is  given  to  reduce  fever  and  to  relieve  pain, 
especially  in  neuralgia.  It  is  powerful  and  danger- 
ous, having  a depressing  effect  upon  the  heart. 
Its  use  should  be  avoided. 

PHOSPHORUS 

A non-metallic  element  obtained  from  beans.  It 
is  a valuable  drug  in  the  treatment  of  rickets,  ner- 
vous debility  and  pneumonia. 

PILOCARPIN 

An  alkaloid  from  the  leaves  of  japorandi,  a South 
American  plant.  It  causes  profuse  perspiration 
and  somewhat  stimulates  the  kidneys.  It  is  used 
in  dropsy  and  other  diseases  to  reduce  the  amount 
of  fluid  in  the  system.  It  greatly  increases  the 
flow  of  saliva  and  sometimes  other  secretions.  It 
stimulates  the  circulation  by  diluting  the  blood 
vessels.  In  some  eye  troubles  it  is  used  to  contract 
the  pupil. 


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POMEGRANATE 

The  bark,  root  and  trunk  of  a small  tree  in  Asia. 
The  rind  of  the  pomegranate  fruit  is  used  to  expel 
tapeworms.  The  drug  contains  tannin.  The  rind 
is  astringent,  and  is  used  for  chronic  diarrhea  and 
ulcers  of  the  rectum. 

PUMPKIN  SEED 

An  extract  of  pumpkin  seed  is  one  of  the  most 
effective  preparations  used  to  dislodge  tapeworms. 
About  two  hours  after  administering  it  a dose  of 
castor  oil  is  usually  given. 

[QUASSIA 

A bitter  root  from  the  West  Indies.  It  is  pre- 
scribed as  a tonic  and  relieves  sudden  attacks  of 
indigestion.  Enemas  of  the  infusion  are  used  for 
threadworms. 


QUININE 

An  alkaloid  obtained  from  cinchona,  a name  ap- 
plied to  the  bark  of  certain  Peruvian  trees.  It  is 
used  medicinally  in  the  form  of  quinine  sulphate 
most  frequently.  It  kills  the  germs  of  malaria  and 
is  the  standard  remedy  for  chills  and  fever. 

RESORCIN 

K compound  preparation  used  locally  for  eczema 
and  itching  of  the  skin.  It  is  also  valuable  in  hay 
fever  and  whooping  cough. 


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RHUBARB 

The  root  of  a plant  native  to  Asia  and  cultivated 
in  America,  preparations  from  which  are  used  as  a 
laxative.  It  increases  the  flow  of  bile,  stimulates 
digestion  and  tones  up  the  intestines.  Its  after 
effect  is  that  of  an  astringent.  It  is  often  given 
with  magnesia;  sometimes  also  with  calomel. 

ROCHELLE  SALT 

Tartrate  of  potassium  and  sodium.  It  is  a gen- 
tle and  cooling  laxative.  It  is  used  in  seidlitz 
powder. 


RUE 

The  root  of  the  rue  plant  is  of  an  irritating 
nature.  In  enemas  it  is  used  to  remove  intestinal 
worms  and  to  check  hysteria.  It  has  a stimulating 
effect  upon  the  nerves.  It  should  be  used  with 
caution,  as  an  overdose  causes  poisoning. 

SACCHARIN 

A very  sweet  product  of  coal  tar,  being  about 
two  hundred  times  as  sweet  as  cane  sugar.  It  is 
used  as  a substitute  for  sugar  in  the  food  given  for 
diabetes,  as  in  this  disease  it  is  desirable  to  elimi- 
nate sugar  and  starch  from  the  diet. 

SAFFRON 

A plant,  the  flowers  of  which  are  used  for 
medicinal  purposes.  It  is  a gastric  and  general 
stimulant.  It  is  given  sometimes  to  relieve  flat- 


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ulency.  , It  is  sometimes  prescribed  in  cases  of 
measles  to  stimulate  eruption.  Saffron  is  a power- 
ful drug,  and  overdoses  may  cause  stupor  and  even 
death. 

SALICYLIC  ACID 

The  acid  and  its  salts  are  used  in  the  treatment 
of  acute  articular  rheumatism,  for  gout  and  in 
ointments  for  the  treatment  of  eczema,  ulcers  and 
wounds.  Mixed  with  collodion,  it  is  used  to 
remove  corns  and  warts. 

SARSAPARILLA 

The  root  of  this  South  American  plant  is  used 
in  various  mixtures  of  medicines,  but  apparently 
has  little  or  no  curative  value  itself.  It  has  been 
prescribed  for  gout,  rheumatism  and  skin  diseases, 
but  its  value,  if  any,  consists  in  promoting  the 
action  of  other  drugs. 

SAVIN 

A shrub  resembling  red  cedar,  the  tops  of  which 
are  used  in  the  preparation  of  a medicine  to  relieve 
uterine  hemorrhage.  There  is  great  danger  in  its 
use. 

SEIDLITZ  POWDER 

A compound  effervescent  powder,  prepared  in 
two  parts,  given  as  a cathartic.  One  part  is  com- 
posed of  120  grains  of  Rochelle  salts  and  40  grains 
bicarbonate  of  soda.  The  other  part  is  35  grains 
of  tartaric  acid.  The  first  part  is  usually  wrapped 


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in  blue  paper,  the  second  in  white  paper.  Each  is 
dissolved  separately  in  water  and  then  poured  to- 
gether, which  causes  effervescence,  and  in  that 
condition  it  is  drunk  at  once. 

SENNA 

An  African  plant,  preparations  from  which  are 
given  as  purgatives.  It  is  used  in  the  compound 
powder  of  licorice  as  a laxative.  Senna  itself  is 
rather  harsh  in  its  effects. 

SNAKEWEED 

This  plant,  and  other  similar  plants,  including 
smartweed,  are  mild  astringents.  They  are  used 
internally  and  externally  for  relaxed  conditions. 

SPERMACETI 

An  oily  product  of  the  sperm  whale.  In  powder 
form,  mixed  with  sugar,  one  part  to  three,  it  is 
taken  for  mild  cases  of  sore  throat  and  catarrhal  in- 
flammation of  the  air  passages. 

STRYCHNINE 

This  is  a poison.  It  is  a valuable  stimulant  and 
tonic,  and  is  also  used  in  the  treatment  of  lockjaw, 
epilepsy,  neuralgia  and  constipation.  There  is  al- 
ways danger  of  poisoning  in  its  use,  and  it  should 
never  be  used  except  under  the  direction  of  a 
physician. 

SUGAR  OF  MILK 

A sugar  prepared  from  the  whey  of  cow’s  milk. 
It  is  not  as  sweet  as  cane  sugar,  but  is  less  apt  to 


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ferment,  and  so  is  better  for  sweetening  infant’s 
food.  It  is  chiefly  used  as  a vehicle  for  other  med- 
icines. It  has  a somewhat  laxative  effect.  It  in- 
creases the  urine  and  is  sometimes  prescribed  for 
dropsy. 


SULPHUR 

This  is  a mineral  substance  which  is  used  as  a 
remedy  for  various  skin  diseases.  It  is  applied  in 
the  form  of  ointment,  and  is  especially  effective  in 
the  treatment  of  itch.  It  is  administered  internally 
as  a mild  laxative.  Solutions  of  sulphur  in  the 
form  of  various  sulphur  baths  are  supposed  to  be 
beneficial  in  cases  of  rheumatism  and  gout,  as  well 
as  skin  diseases. 

SULPHURIC  ACID 

This  drug  is  a violent  caustic  and  is  destructive 
to  any  organic  matter.  It  is  used  to  remove  warts, 
corns,  to  cauterize  ulcers,  and  in  diluted  form  is 
'administered  for  the  relief  of  different  forms  of 
diarrhea  and  cholera. 

SWEET  SPIRITS  OF  NITER 

A mixture  of  alcohol,  water  and  ethyl  nitrate. 
It  acts  upon  the  kidneys  and  the  skin,  producing  a 
free  flow  of  urine,  and,  when  taken  with  hot  water 
or  lemonade,  causes  sweating.  It  is  useful  in  the 
early  stages  of  cold. 

TANNIC  ACID 

A yellowish  white  powder  obtained  from  nutgall. 
It  is  one  of  the  most  common  and  effective  astrin- 
gents. Most  vegetable  astringents  contain  tannic 


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acid.  It  is  used  to  relieve  diarrhea  and  dysentery, 
to  check  hemorrhages,  also  to  toughen  sensitive 
parts  of  the  skin.  Dissolved  in  water  it  is  used 
for  leucorrhea  and  similar  unhealthy  conditions  of 
mucous  membranes. 

TANSY 

A common  herb,  preparations  of  which  increase 
the  flow  of  urine  and  other  discharges.  It  is  used 
to  expel  worms,  for  the  relief  of  colic,  and  it  is 
sometimes  applied  externally  for  bruises,  sprains 
and  muscular  rheumatism.  It  contains  a poisonous 
oil,  and  should  be  used  with  caution. 

TAR 

A complex  pitchy  product  of  pine  wood.  It  con- 
tains creosote.  It  is  used  in  treating  consumption 
and  chronic  bronchitis.  In  the  form  of  oil  of  tar, 
diluted,  it  is  used  as  a dressing  for  sores.  In  pills 
it  is  used  for  the  relief  of  constipation. 

TARTARIC  ACID 

An  acid  common  in  many  fruits,  including  grapes 
and  pineapples.  It  is  rarely  used  in  medicine  alone, 
but  usually  in  combination  with  alkalies.  It  is 
one  of  the  ingredients  of  seidlitz  powder. 

TARTAR  EMETIC 

A preparation  made  from  the  metal  antimony. 
It  is  a poisonous  irritant  which,  in  very  small  doses, 
stimulates  the  appetite  and  slightly  stimulates  the 
processes  of  assimilation ; in  larger  doses,  it  causes 


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relaxation  of  the  muscles,  dilating  of  blood  vessels 
and  perspiration.  Its  use  in  medicine  is  gradually 
being  discontinued,  but  sometimes  used  as  an 
emetic  to  relax  muscular  spasms  in  certain  acute 
stages  of  bronchitis  and  pneumonia  and  croup.  It 
depresses  the  heart  action,  and  under  no  condition 
should  it  be  given  without  advice  of  a physician. 

THOROUGHWORT 

Also  known  as  boneset.  The  leaves  of  the  plant 
are  used  to  make  an  infusion  or  tea  that  should  be 
taken  hot  for  the  relief  of  chill  and  aching  of  the 
bones.  In  the  grippe  and  malarial  fever  it  increases 
the  flow  of  urine,  and  is  a mild  cathartic.  It  is  also 
taken  to  regulate  impaired  digestion  and  for  tonic 
effects. 

THYMOL 

It  is  derived  from  the.  oil  of  thyme,  which  is  ob- 
tained from  the  thyme  herb.  It  is  used  for  the 
same  antiseptic  purposes  as  carbolic  acid,  but  is  not 
an  irritant  or  a corrosive,  and  has  an  agreeable  in- 
stead of  an  offensive  odor.  Its  use  is  much  to  be 
preferred  in  surgery  and  medicine.  It  is  applied 
to  ulcers,  suppurating  wounds,  and  is  an  excellent 
antiseptic  wash  for  nose,  mouth  and  throat. 

TURPENTINE 

The  oil  or  spirits  of  turpentine  is  a fluid  distilled 
from  the  exudations  of  the  pine  or  fir  tree.  It  is 
used  as  a counter  irritant  for  the  treatment  of  neu- 
ralgia and  rheumatism.  It  is  usually  mixed  with 
olive  oil,  chloroform  or  camphor  in  liniments.  It 


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is  applied  to  the  chest  upon  cloths  wrung  out  of 
hot  water  for  the  relief  of  pneumonia,  pleurisy  and 
bronchitis,  and  to  the  abdomen  for  flatulency.  It 
is  also  given  internally  and  by  enema  in  typhoid 
fever  for  the  same  complication. 

WHISKY 

A distilled  alcoholic  liquor  made  from  grain. 
Medicinally  it  is  used  most  effectively  with  hot 
water.  It  is  given  in  fainting,  drowning  and  cases 
of  exposure  and  exhaustion.  When  the  pulse  is 
rapid  and  weak  it  often  helps  to  restore  normal  con- 
ditions. 

WILD  CHERRY  BARK 

It  is  a bitter  tonic,  but  chiefly  used  in  the  form 
of  a syrup  in  the  treatment  of  coughs.  It  tends  to 
quiet  the  nerves  in  cases  of  bronchitis  or  throat 
irritation.  It  is  mild  in  its  effect,  but  has  none  of 
the  harmful  qualities  of  opiates  used  in  many  throat 
remedies. 

WINTERGREEN 

The  oil  of  wintergreen  is  a fluid  obtained  from 
the  leaves  of  the  checkerberry  plant.  It  is  applied 
locally  to  relieve  articular  rheumatism,  neuralgia 
and  other  pains. 

WITCH-HAZEL 

An  extract  made  from  the  leaves  and  bark  of  the 
witch-hazel  or  hamamelis  shrub.  It  contains  tannic 
acid  and  is  mildly  astringent.  It  has  a certain  value 


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in  mild  cases  of  sore  throat.  Internally,  in  the 
fluid  extract,  it  is  used  for  oozing  from  small  veins, 
varicose  ulcers,  piles,  and  bleeding  from  the 
stomach  and  intestines.  The  solutions  commonly 
used  externally  have  their  chief  value  in  alcohol, 
witch-hazel  itself  having  little  or  no  value  in  the 
treatment  of  wounds,  bruises  and  sprains,  for  which 
it  is  extensively  used.  Diluted  alcohol  is  prefer- 
able, because  not  so  expensive  and  just  as  effective 
for  the  purposes  last  named. 

VASELINE 

A thick,  oily  product  of  petroleum.  It  is  used  as 
a lubricant  upon  the  skin  and  mucous  membranes, 
and  as  the  base  in  the  preparation  of  various  oint- 
ments. Its  chief  value  is  to  protect  and  lubricate; 
otherwise,  it  has  little  medicinal  value. 

VERONAL 

A complex  crystallized  powder  used  to  cause 
sleep.  It  acts  on  the  central  nervous  system. 

ZINC 

The  salts  of  this  metal  are  used  locally  for  various 
skin  diseases,  having  an  astringent  and  antiseptic 
effect.  They  are  also  used  internally  in  the  treat- 
ment of  epilepsy,  neuralgia  and  nervous  conditions. 


m m 


LIBERAL  amount  of  space  is 
devoted  to  this  department  in 
order  to  make  it  a fairly  compre- 
hensive dictionary  of  human 
ailments.  The  purpose  is  to 
describe,  as  far  as  possible,  the 
nature  and  cause  of  each  disease, 
the  symptoms  by  which  it  may  be  identified,  and, 
in  general  terms,  what  is  regarded  as  the  best  treat- 
ment by  the  best  physicians.  The  treatment  in- 
dicated usually  includes  the  care  of  the  patient  and 
remedies  prescribed.  We  have  not  considered  it 
wise  nor  safe  to  indicate  doses  in  serious  diseases. 
The  physician  should  give  such  directions,  and  they 
should  be  carefully  followed.  The  size  of  doses 
varies  greatly  for  small  children  and  grown  people. 
There  are  so  many  things  in  the  condition  of  the 
patient  which  may  have  a bearing  upon  the  dose  of 
a given  medicine  to  be  prescribed  that  only  the 
trained  physician  can  safely  indicate  the  dose:  In 
the  more  common  diseases  usually  more  detailed 
directions  are  given  than  in  the  rarer  diseases. 


Diseases  of  Children 


Considerable  prominence  is  given  to  diseases  of 
children.  Many  of  these  so-called  children’s  dis- 
eases are  sometimes  contracted  by  adults,  and  many 
of  the  diseases  not  classed  as  children’s  diseases 


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are  among  those  from  which  children  often  suffer. 
Those  usually  classified  as  the  diseases  of  childhood 
include  the  following:  Chicken  pox,  cholera  infan- 
tum, German  measles,  infantile  paralysis,  measles, 
meningitis,  mumps,  rickets,  scarlet  fever,  whoop- 
ing cough  and  worms.  These  will  all  be  found  in 
the  regular  alphabetical  order  of  this  department. 

A careful  study  of  the  paragraphs  devoted  to  the 
various  diseases  will  not  only  broaden  the  general 
knowledge  of  things  physical,  but  will  teach  one 
how  to  avoid  and  how  to  recognize  diseases,  and 
will  warn  against  serious  mistakes  in  the  care  of  a 
patient,  as  well  as  teach  the  best  things  to  do.  The 
subject  is  so  big  and  in  its  details  so  technical, 
that  it  would  not  be  possible  to  treat  each  subject 
completely.  We  have  simply  tried  to  handle  the 
matter  in  the  way  most  comprehensive,  practical 
and  useful  for  a part  of  such  a book  as  this. 

BACTERIA  AND  DISEASE 

The  remarkable  progress  of  modern  medical 
science  is  largely  due  to  the  discovery  that  most 
diseases  are  caused  by  germs.  These  minute  or- 
ganisms are  best  known  as  bacteria.  They  are  the 
lowest  form  of  life.  Just  as  people  may  be  classi- 
fied as  good  and  bad,  so  bacteria  may  be  separated. 
We  could  not  get  along  without  bacteria.  The 
beneficial  forms  render  valuable  service,  and  are 
found  everywhere — in  the  air,  the  water,  the  earth 
and  in  most  foods  and  drink. 

What  Bacteria  Do 

The  process  of  fermentation  is  accomplished  by 
bacteria.  Bacteria  feed  upon  both  living  and  dead 


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organic  matter,  swarming  in  vegetable  and  animal 
organisms  alike.  Those  found  in  dead  organic 
matter  accomplish  the  process  of  decomposition, 
and  carry  back  to  earth  the  elements  to  furnish 
food  for  plant  life.  All  these  activities  are  useful 
and  necessary. 

When  bacteria  appear  in  live  animals  or  veg- 
etables, and  consume  or  poison  the  organic  matter, 
they  do  harm  in  the  sense  of  destroying  life.  These 
mischief  makers  include  the  bacteria  or  germs  of 
disease. 

The  Germ  Theory  of  Disease 

The  bacteria,  or  germ  theory  of  disease,  has  led 
scientists  to  hunt  for  the  particular  kind  of  bac- 
teria that  cause  particular  diseases.  Their  re- 
search and  experiments  have  been  rewarded  with 
success  in  many  instances.  It  has  been  possible 
to  isolate  and  identify  the  bacteria  of  many  dis- 
eases. Following  up  the  discovery  of  the  par- 
ticular organisms  that  cause  the  disease,  it  has  been 
possible  to  prove  more  positively  how  the  germ  gets 
into  the  body,  its  habits  of  growth,  and  to  find 
out  what  can  be  used  most  successfully  to  kill  the 
germ. 

The  experiments  have  brought  out  various  drugs 
that  are  termed  specifics  ’’  in  certain  diseases,  and 
which  are  practically  certain  to  kill  the  germs  of 
such  diseases  when  brought  in  contact  with  them. 

Use  of  Antiseptics 

One  of  the  most  important  discoveries  in  this 
line  is  with  reference  to  the  use  of  antiseptics.  As 
stated  elsewhere,  the  remarkable  achievements  of 


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modern  surgery  are  due  largely  to  cleanliness  and 
the  removal  of  all  germs  from  the  parts  of  the  body 
under  treatment.  This  is  accomplished  by  thorough 
washing  and  the  use  of  antiseptics.  Any  prepara- 
tion that  kills  harmful  bacteria  and  does  not  in- 
jure the  body  hastens  recovery. 

Another  very  important  fact,  which  is  receiving 
increasing  attention  from  scientists,  is  that  nature 
provides,  within  the  body,  ways  and  means  of 
combating  harmful  bacteria.  Were  it  not  so,  life 
would  be  impossible.  Harmful  bacteria  are  con- 
stantly passing  through  the  body.  So  long  as  the 
health  is  good,  and  the  various  organs  are  doing 
their  work  vigorously,  immunity  against  many  dis- 
eases is  maintained. 

When  any  harmful  bacteria  gain  a foothold  in 
the  system,  certain  changes  occur  in  the  fluids  of 
the  body  and  many  of  the  most  marked  symptoms 
of  disease  are  due  to  the  attempts  of  nature  to  repel 
the  invading  and  rapidly  multiplying  bacteria. 

Corpuscles  and  Bacteria  in  Battle 

Scientists  picturesquely  describe  the  battles  that 
take  place  in  the  body  when  bacteria  come  in  con- 
flict with  the  forces  of  the  body  that  seek  to  destroy 
them.  In  the  case  of  an  infected  wound,  inflam- 
mation occurs  through  the  attempts  of  the  white 
blood  corpuscles  to  combat  the  invading  bacteria 
which  are  a rapidly  multiplying  army  of  destroyers. 
Breastworks  are  thrown  up  by  the  defenders  for 
the  protection  of  the  surrounding  tissues,  and  within 
this  inclosure  the  combat  rages. 

Each  army  attempts  the  destruction  of  the  other. 
Heat,  redness,  swelling  and  pain  are  the  symptoms 
of  this  struggle.  The  result  is  a mass  of  pus  made 


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up  of  the  dead  bodies  of  the  corpuscles  mingled 
with  overpowered  bacteria  and  broken-down  tissue. 

Toxines  and  Serum 

In  some  diseases,  toxines  or  poisons  form  in  the 
body  fluids  that  kill  the  diseased  bacteria.  The 
light-colored  part  of  the  blood,  or  serum,  under- 
goes peculiar  changes  in  many  diseases.  The 
change  is  permanent,  apparently,  in  some  diseases, 
thus  establishing  immunity.  In  such  cases,  a per- 
son who  has  had  a certain  disease  will  not  con- 
tract it  again.  Following  up  the  immunity  theory, 
through  investigation  of  serums,  has  led  to  the 
preparation  of  serums  and  anti-toxins  that  are  ad- 
ministered to  establish  immunity  against  a certain 
disease,  or  to  so  modify  the  severity  of  an  attack 
of  the  disease  that  recovery  may  be  assured. 

It  was  thus  that  the  anti-toxin  so  successfully 
used  in  diphtheria  came  to  be  produced,  and  thus 
that  serums  have  been  made  available  for  the  treat- 
ment of  hydrophobia,  lockjaw,  cerebro-spinal  men- 
ingitis and  several  other  diseases.  Through  the 
use  of  serum  anti-toxins  it  is  hoped  to  treat  suc- 
cessfully the  diseases  that  have  hitherto  been  re- 
garded as  incurable,  inasmuch  as  several  such  dis- 
eases have  been  conquered  thus  already.  It  is 
hoped  also  to  make  it  possible  to  establish  immu- 
nity against  a considerable  number  of  diseases  by 
similar  treatment  to  that  of  vaccination  for  small- 
pox. 

Experiments  are  being  conducted  constantly  with 
serums,  and  such  progress  has  been  made  that  it  is 
believed  possible  thereby  to  successfully  treat  can- 
cer, tuberculosis  and  other  dreaded  diseases.  The 
discovery  of  the  germ  of  leprosy  has  given  assur- 


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ance  that  it  may  be  combated  successfully  by  anti- 
toxin treatment. 

The  Elusive  Germ 

So  small  are  the  bacteria  of  some  diseases  that 
it  is  difficult  to  discover  them  with  even  the  most 
powerful  microscopes.  All  efforts  to  find  and 
identify  the  germs  of  measles  and  scarlet  fever,  for 
instance,  have  been  unsuccessful.  At  the  same 
time  there  seems  to  be  no  doubt  that  they  are  germ 
diseases. 

A disease  that  has  been  especially  baffling  is 
cancer.  Seemingly,  by  every  possible  method,  at- 
tempts have  been  made  to  discover  a germ  cause 
of  this  disease,  but  nothing  of  the  sort  has  yet  been 
found. 

Prevention  the  Goal  Sought 

As  soon  as  the  germ  of  a particular  disease  is  dis- 
covered, scientists  feel,  nowadays,  that  they  have 
made  great  progress  toward  discovery  of  its 
prevention  and  cure.  With  the  germ  identified  and 
isolated,  experiments  are  conducted  on  animals, 
and  serums  are  developed  and  tested  until  immu- 
nity is  established,  if  possible.  We  are  told,  by 
those  engaged  in  this  work,  that  the  hope  for  the 
race  in  its  fight  against  disease  rests  in  the  future 
in  serums  and  anti-toxins  and  preventive  hygiene, 
and  not  in  drugs. 

Antiseptics 

Frequent  reference  is  made  throughout  this  book 
to  the  use  of  antiseptics,  often  without  mentioning 
any  particular  antiseptic.  Preparations  that  may 
be  effective  in  destroying  harmful  bacteria  are  often 


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of  SO  poisonous  a nature  that  they  are  dangerous 
for  general  home  use.  Antiseptics  that  may  be 
applied  to  the  body  quite  freely,  with  reason- 
able caution,  include  the  following:  Alcohol, 

dioxygen,  peroxide  of  hydrogen,  listerine  and 
boracic  acid.  There  are  many  more  powerful  anti- 
septics, but  these  are  safe  and  effective  for  general 
purposes. 

ABDOMINAL  PAINS 

They  may  be  due  to  a variety  of  causes  in  which 
any  of  the  organs  in  that  part  of  the  body  may  be 
involved.  If  severe,  and  continue  for  a consider- 
able time,  a physician  should  be  called  to  find  out 
just  what  the  disease  is  of  which  the  pains  are  a 
symptom.  There  is  liable  to  be  great  danger  in 
such  cases,  if  neglected.  The  best  temporary 
treatment  for  abdominal  pains  is  hot  applications, 
which  should  be  renewed  as  soon  as  they  grow  cool. 
Such  applications  may  be  poultices  or  hot  water 
bottles,  or  hot  enemas  may  be  used. 

ABSCESS 

A sore  consisting  of  bacteria  in  the  midst  of 
broken-down  tissue  and  blood  corpuscles.  External 
abscesses  are  usually  due  to  infection  which  occurs 
by  way  of  a hair  or  sweat  gland,  in  which  case  they 
are  called  boils  or  carbuncles;  when  on  the  finger 
tips,  felons.  Abscesses  occur  in  the  internal  or- 
gans due  from  some  kind  of  infection,  as,  for  in- 
stance, from  tuberculosis,  or  from  a diseased  ap- 
pendix. Abscesses  of  the  brain  sometimes  result 
from  infection  through  the  middle  ear;  sometimes, 
also,  after  an  injury. 


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The  best  treatment  for  abscesses  that  can  be 
reached  is  to  open  them  in  their  very  earliest  stages 
and  apply  antiseptics,  to  kill  the  bacteria  that  are 
making  trouble.  In  every  case  absolute  cleanli- 
ness should  be  maintained. 

ADENOIDS 

A soft,  spongy  growth  which  often  forms  in  the 
throats  of  children  back  of  the  nasal  passages.  They 
often  interfere  with  breathing,  and  may  cause  deaf- 
ness. The  difficulty  in  breathing  may  lead  to  mal- 
formation of  the  chest  and  of  the  face,  especially  the 
nose,  jaws  and  teeth.  They  may  induce  catarrh 
of  the  nose  and  throat,  and  may  be  a channel  of 
infection  for  the  germs  of  tuberculosis  and  other 
diseases.  Adenoids  should  be  removed  by  a surgeon. 

ALCOHOLISM 

The  repeated  and  excessive  use  of  alcoholic  drink 
leads  to  poisoning  of  the  system,  and  the  various 
organs  are  not  able  to  perform  their  normal  func- 
tions. Permanent  and  positively  serious  effects 
follow  habitual  intoxication.  Treatment  involves 
the  practice  of  total  abstinence,  the  patient  being 
gradually  brought  to  that  point.  The  system  must 
be  built  up  and  the  poison  gradually  driven  out 
through  the  habits  of  simple,  nutritious  diet,  exer- 
cise, plenty  of  sleep,  good  air  and  frequent  bath- 
ing. Drug  treatments  for  the  alcohol  habit  are 
either  ineffective  or  dangerous. 

ANAEMIA 

This  is  a condition  of  the  blood  due  to  a lack  of 
haemoglobin,  or  the  iron  constituents  of  the  blood. 


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One  of  the  noticeable  symptoms  is  extreme  pallor 
of  skin  and  mucous  membranes.  Red  cells  of  the 
blood,  which  give  it  the  characteristic  color,  absorb 
and  retain  oxygen  supplied  to  the  body  through 
the  lungs.  The  better  the  service  of  supplying 
oxygen  is  performed  the  more  healthy  will  be  the 
tissues  of  the  body.  In  cases  of  anaemia  the  blood 
is  lacking  in  essential  elements,  including  albumen 
and  salts.  The  watery  part  of  the  blood  may  be 
increased  so  that  there  is  as  much  in  quantity,  but 
it  is  not  good  blood.  The  result  is  a weakened  con- 
dition of  the  entire  body. 

The  cause  may  be  insufficient  nourishment,  dark 
and  damp  living  quarters,  extremes  of  heat  or  cold 
in  the  place  where  one  habitually  stays,  lack  of 
sleep  and  sometimes  minor  disorders.  The  use  of 
extremely  tight  corsets  is  sometimes  said  to  cause 
anaemia  because  the  vital  organs  are  so  compressed 
that  they  are  unable  to  properly  do  their  work. 

In  treating  the  disorder  it  is  important  to  dis- 
cover the  cause  and  remove  it.  The  surroundings 
of  the  patient  should  be  made  as  good  as  possible 
and  through  correct  habits  and  nourishing  diet  the 
system  should  be  built  up  if  possible.  There  is 
danger  in  overfeeding  with  rich  food,  for  this  will 
cause  further  impairment  of  the  digestive  organs. 

The  desire  of  the  patient  for  salty  or  acid  foods 
may  be  gratified,  but  an  abnormal  craving  for  in- 
digestible things  should  be  denied,  as  they  would 
only  irritate  the  stomach. 

ANTHRAX 

A blood  disease  that  is  usually  fatal  in  man.  It 
is  transmitted  from  some  animal ; cattle,  horses, 
sheep,  hogs  and  goats  being  addicted  to  it.  It  may 


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be  taken  by  handling  the  skin  or  wool  of  an  animal 
that  has  had  the  disease.  The  anthrax  germ  may 
enter  the  skin  through  a small  wound.  There  is  a 
rapidly  developing  inflammation,  followed  by  a 
forming  of  a vesicle,  which  breaks,  and  a dark 
crust  forms.  This  is, surrounded  by  inflamed  swell- 
ing and  bluish  discoloration.  Generally  infection 
develops  with  a fever,  although  the  fever  is  some- 
times absent ; in  severe  cases  headaches,  pains  in  the 
limbs,  weakness,  difficulty  in  breathing,  vomiting, 
diarrhea,  hemorrhages  and  stupor  follow  infection. 
If  infection  comes  through  breathing  dust,  symp- 
toms resembling  pneumonia  develop.  Sometimes 
infection  is  conveyed  with  the  food  to  the  stomach 
and  intestines,  causing  severe  intestinal  pains,  with 
vomiting  and  diarrhea. 

The  disease  develops  rapidly  and  no  special  treat- 
ment except  by  surgical  operation  has  been  estab- 
lished. Serum  is  used  in  the  treatment  of  cattle 
suffering  from  anthrax,  and  it  is  expected  that  the 
most  successful  treatment  of  man  will  be  found  to 
be  with  similar  serum. 

APPENDICITIS 

The  appendix  is  a wormlike  attachment  to  the 
beginning  of  the  large  intestine,  having  no  known 
use.  The  form  and  position  of  the  organ  make  it 
an  easy  victim  to  bacterial  infection.  There  are 
all  grades  of  inflammation,  from  a simple  chronic 
congestion,  causing  slight  digestive  disturbances, 
to  the  acute  gangrenous  form  which  may  cause 
death  in  a few  days.  The  symptoms  of  an  acute 
attack  are  pain  in  the  abdomen,  nausea,  vomiting 
and  constipation,  and  tenderness  and  rigidity  over 
the  right  lower  part  of  the  abdomen.  The  only 
safe  treatment  is  early  operation. 


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APOPLEXY 

Apoplexy  is  a plugging  or  bursting  of  a blood 
vessel  of  the  brain,  usually  occurring  in  advanced 
life.  A blood  clot  formed  in  one  of  the  big  arteries 
of  the  body  is  sometimes  carried  into  the  blood  ves- 
sels of  the  brain  and  lodges  there,  causing  the 
trouble.  Usually  an  apoplectic  stroke  takes  place 
after  some  unusual  excitement  or  after  a hearty 
meal  or  excessive  drinking.  There  is  a rush  of 
blood  to  the  head  and  a rupture  of  the  blood  vessel 
results.  Then  comes  the  pressure  upon  the  brain, 
with  resulting  paralysis,  usually  on  one  side  only, 
and  a softening  of  the  brain  substance  results. 

If  the  hemorrhage  of  the  brain  is  profuse  a vital 
part  is  usually  affected  and  death  occurs.  More 
frequently  the  blood  is  absorbed,  but  the  brain  is 
left  with  a scar  and  a measure  of  one-sided  paralysis 
continues;  but  only  a small  part  of  the  body  is 
sometimes  affected.  The  mind  of  the  patient  may 
or  may  not  be  noticeably  injured.  There  is  always 
danger  of  recurrent  strokes  with  increasing  danger 
of  fatal  results. 

Preventive  treatment  consists  of  correct  habits  and 
avoiding  causes  which  might  result  in  congestion  of 
blood  to  the  head.  Very  little  can  be  done  after  an 
apoplectic  stroke.  The  patient  should  be  put  to 
bed,  with  the  head  and  shoulders  raised.  Cold  ap- 
plications should  be  applied  to  the  head  and  heat 
to  the  feet.  The  bow^els  should  be  moved  with  an 
enema  and  a light  liquid  diet  should  be  given.  No 
stimulants  should  be  administered. 

ASTHMA 

Asthma  is  a disease  of  the  respiratory  organs, 
due  to  a spasmodic  contraction  of  the  smaller  bron- 


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chial  tubes,  causing  great  difficulty  of  breathing, 
with  wheezing  and  a suffocating  sensation.  It  is 
usually  of  nervous  origin  and  lasts  but  a few  hours. 
In  some  cases  the  condition  persists  for  days  and 
even  weeks,  with  alternating  periods  of  improve- 
ment. If  the  disease  is  caused  by  chronic  catarrh 
or  some  growth  and  enlargement  in  the  throat  or 
nose,  as  is  sometimes  the  case,  it  may  be  cured  by 
proper  treatment  of  the  difficulties  that  cause  it. 

Among  the  remedies  used  for  asthma  are  mustard 
plasters  applied  to  the  chest;  putting  the  hands  or 
feet  in  hot  water;  smoking  sage  tobacco  and  other 
plant  leaves,  and  inhaling  fumes  of  burning  paper 
soaked  with  a mild  solution  of  saltpeter.  The  use  of 
so-called  asthma  cures  that  are  advertised  do  little 
or  no  good,  and  often  much  harm.  The  cure  is  really 
accomplished  by  getting  the  patient  into  as  good  a 
condition  of  vigorous  health  as  possible;  plenty  of 
outdoor  exercise  that  is  not  too  vigorous,  regular 
habits  of  sleep,  and  avoiding  extreme  fatigue  help 
to  bring  about  the  desired  result. 

ASPHYXIA 

This  is  a state  of  unconsciousness  due  to  lack  of 
oxygen  in  the  blood  and  the  term  is  applied  usually 
to  cases  where  this  condition  is  caused  suddenly. 
For  instance,  through  inhaling  poisonous  gas;  by 
drawing  food  into  the  windpipe,  the  result  of  which 
we  call  choking;  drowning;  pleurisy,  which  causes 
undue  pressure  upon  the  lungs;  and  in  pneumonia. 
Asphyxia  may  be  caused  by  taking  large  doses  of 
certain  drugs,  especially  headache  powders.  The 
danger  from  the  latter  comes  from  acetanilid,  which 
is  found  in  most  headache  powders.  Acute  alcohol- 
ism or  opium  poison  may  develop  asphyxia.  The 


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patient  becomes  unconscious,  with  a bluish  appear- 
ance of  the  skin  and  especially  lips,  and  has  blood- 
shot eyes.  Where  the  aggravating  cause  may  be 
removed,  it  should  be  removed  as  soon  as  possible. 
This  should  be  followed  by  vigorous  rubbing  and 
stimulants  and  artificial  respiration. 

BARBER’S  ITCH 

This  is  a skin  disease  of  the  bearded  part  of  the 
xace,  in  which  red  and  inflamed  spots,  with  pustules 
that  lead  to  the  root  of  the  hair,  appear.  As  the 
disease  continues,  crusts  form  upon  the  skin;  the 
hairs  become  brittle  and  fall  out,  and  the  disease 
defies  any  mild  healing  treatment.  It  is  caused  by 
a microscopic  form  of  fungus  which  attacks  the 
hair  shaft  and  follicle. 

In  its  earliest  stages,  treatment  should  be  thor- 
ough, washing  with  pure  soap,  the  extraction  of 
the  hairs  involved,  application  of  mild  antiseptic 
solutions.  If  the  disease  spreads,  treatment  should 
be  under  the  direction  of  a physician. 

BILIOUSNESS 

This  is  a sort  of  blood  poisoning  or  toxemia, 
manifested  by  loss  of  appetite,  badly  coated  tongue, 
foul  taste  in  the  mouth  on  arising,  headache,  con- 
stipation, sleepiness  and  general  ill-feeling,  and 
sometimes  slight  jaundice.  The  liver  and  its  ducts 
may  become  swollen,  and  the  bile  cease  to  flow 
freely  into  the  intestines.  The  lack  of  bile  causes 
fermentation  and  putrefaction  in  the  intestines, 
and  sometimes  catarrhal  inflammation  of  the 
stomach,  with  nausea  and  vomiting. 


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The  disease  is  caused  by  excessive  eating,  par- 
ticularly of  foods  that  include  much  sweets  and 
fats,  lack  of  exercise  and  alcoholic  drinking. 

The  treatment  should  be  very  simple  diet — per- 
haps taking  only  water  for  a time,  in  acute  cases — 
mild  cathartics  and  hot  water  enemas. 

BLADDER  DISEASES 

Inflammation  of  the  bladder  is  always  due  to 
some  infection  that  attacks  the  lining  membrane, 
the  exciting  cause  of  which  may  be  an  irritation 
from  gravel  or  stones,  formed  by  the  gathering 
of  deposits  upon  some  particles  that  find  their  way 
into  the  urinary  tract,  or  excited  by  exposure  to 
cold,  or  injuries  to  the  lining  of  the  organ  by  blows 
or  falls.  Infection  is  caused  by  retention  of  urine, 
due  to  the  narrowing  or  obstruction  of  the  passage 
by  stricture,  or  an  enlargement  of  the  prostate 
gland.  Tuberculosis,  kidney  disease  or  an  inflam- 
mation of  the  urinary  passage  may  cause  it.  The 
symptoms  include  pain  and  difficulty  in  passing 
urine,  and  a constant  desire  to  urinate. 

Treatment  should  include  complete  rest  and 
quiet,  securing  steady  bodily  warmth,  warm  baths 
and  simple  food.  Avoid  the  so-called  hard  or  min- 
eral waters.  A surgical  operation  may  be  neces- 
sary to  secure  relief. 

BLOOD  POISONING 

The  poisoning  of  the  whole  system  caused  by 
certain  bacteria  absorbed  through  the  circulation  of 
the  blood.  It  may  originate  from  a variety  of 
causes,  notably  from  a wound  which  has  not  re- 
ceived proper  care  as  to  absolute  cleanliness.  The 


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symptoms  include  chills,  high  temperature,  weak- 
ness and  in  certain  cases  unconsciousness.  The 
only  way  to  avoid  these  dangerous  conditions  is  by 
prompt  treatment  of  every  injury  and  inflammation 
where  pus  is  present. 

There  should  be  proper  incisions  made  and  anti- 
septic applications  to  prevent  the  distribution  of 
bacteria  and  absorption  by  the  blood  of  so-called 
toxic  matter.  Treatment  of  serious  cases  of  blood 
poisoning  can  only  be  accomplished  safely  by  direc- 
tion of  a physician.  The  bowels  should  be  kept 
open  and  the  patient  should  be  given  plenty  of 
water  and  all  the  salt  solution  that  can  be  absorbed 
by  the  rectum.  Stimulants  and  quietening  medicines 
are  given  if  they  become  necessary. 

BOIL 

A boil  is  an  abscess  that  forms  in  the  skin  and  is 
due  usually  to  the  entrance  of  an  infection  through 
a pore  of  the  skin  or  by  a slight  injury.  The  theory 
that  a boil  is  an  effort  on  the  part  of  nature  to 
throw  off  impurities  is  incorrect.  Persons  run 
down,  or  with  poor  blood,  may  suffer  from  boils, 
but  they  are  not  benefited  by  them,  nor  the  blood 
improved.  The  old-fashioned  method  of  poulticing 
a boil  as  soon  as  it  begins  to  form  has  the  effect  of 
encouraging  the  multiplication  of  disease  germs. 
The  germs  multiply  much  more  rapidly  by  the  ap- 
plication of  heat. 

Proper  treatment  is  to  make  a free  opening  with 
a sharp,  pointed  knife  that  has:  been  soaked  in  some 
antiseptic  solution,  after  which  an  antiseptic  poul- 
tice should  be  applied.  This  is  made  by  dipping  a 
piece  of  gauze  in  a boracic  acid  solution,  applying 
it  as  hot  as  it  can  be  borne.  There  is  danger  in 


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massaging  or  squeezing  a boil,  as  the  poisonous 
matter  is  liable  to  be  worked  through  the  protect- 
ing formation  that  nature  provides  and  sent  into 
the  system,  causing  more  or  less  serious  blood 
poisoning.  A person  who  is  subject  to  boils  should 
avoid  starchy  foods,  constipation  should  be  guarded 
against,  also  excessive  exercise  or  too  frequent 
bathing. 

Carbuncle 

Carbuncles  are  also  a kind  of  abscess,  but  form 
deeper  below  the  surface,  and  are  more  extensive, 
more  powerful  and  more  dangerous  than  boils. 
They  discharge  by  several  openings.  The  treat- 
ment is  similar  to  that  for  boils.  It  is  best  to  have 
them  lanced  early  by  a surgeon  and  antiseptic 
treatment  applied. 

BRIGHT’S  DISEASE 

A variety  of  kidney  diseases  are  brought  under 
this  term.  They  are  characterized  by  inflamma- 
tion, which  usually  starts  in  the  kidneys  them- 
selves, but  may  begin  in  any  portion  of  the  urinary 
canal  and  extend  to  the  kidneys.  The  powers  of 
the  kidneys  are  impaired  and  they  are  unable  to 
throw  off  the  waste  matter  of  the  system  as  they 
should.  A large  amount  of  albumen  escapes  from 
the  blood  with  the  urine.  Dropsy  may  develop, 
also  uremia,  which  is  systematic  poisoning  from  the 
absorption  of  waste  products.  Bright’s  disease  is 
often  brought  on  by  exposure  to  wet  and  cold; 
from  various  infectious  diseases;  from  the  excess- 
ive use  of  alcohol,  and  from  poisonous  drugs. 

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headache,  scanty  and  high-colored  urine,  some  dis- 
turbances of  the  stomach.  Loss  of  flesh  and 
strength  follow,  and  dropsy  sets  in.  In  many  cases 
uremia  develops.  There  may  be  shortness  of 
breath  and  a weak  or  rapid  pulse.  There  may  be  a 
complete  recovery  after  several  weeks  or  months, 
or  the  disease  may  terminate  fatally  in  a short 
time. 

In  chronic  Bright’s  disease  similar  symptoms 
appear  in  less  marked  degree,  coming  on  slowly. 
There  may  be  at  first  an  increase  in  the  amount  of 
urine,  especially  at  night,  which  is  followed  later 
by  a decrease  and  the  ordinary  symptoms  of  the 
acute  form.  The  disease  may  last  ten  or  fifteen 
years.  Many  afflicted  with  it  die  of  apoplexy,  many 
from  other  disorders  which  arise  and  many  also 
recover. 

A milk  diet  often  gives  good  results.  The  ex- 
tensive use  of  meats  and  stimulants  should  be 
avoided.  Frequent  warm  baths  and  a special  fric- 
tion to  prevent  chilling  of  the  body  are  recom- 
mended. Bodily  and  mental  rest  are  desirable,  as 
well  as  careful  regulation  of  the  diet. 

BRONCHITIS 

This  is  an  inflammation  of  the  mucous  mem- 
branes of  the  bronchial  tubes.  It  may  involve  one 
or  both  sides  and  affect  only  the  larger  tubes  or  the 
entire  so-called  bronchial  tree.  It  is  a form  of  acute 
catarrh,  caused  by  colds  usually,  and  may  be  due 
to  inhaling  gas,  smoke  or  dust.  Poisonous  gases 
are  especially  dangerous.  Acute  bronchitis  may 
begin  with  fever  quite  suddenly,  and  sometimes 
with  a chill.  Often,  however,  there  is  no  fever. 
The  most  notable  symptoms  are  cough  and  raising 


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of  mucus  from  the  throat.  The  sensation  of  tick- 
ling and  soreness  in  the  throat,  and  soreness  behind 
the  upper  part  of  the  breast  bone,  is  constantly 
felt. 

There  is  danger,  especially  in  children  and  old 
people,  of  the  inflammation  involving  the  lungs, 
and  this  is  known  as  broncho-pneumonia.  The  in- 
flammation then  endangers  life.  In  the  milder 
forms  of  bronchitis  or  bronchial  catarrh,  it  gradu- 
ally disappears  within  a week  or  two.  If  fever  de- 
velops, the  patient  should  go  to  bed  and  a physician 
should  be  called  immediately. 

Cases  of  chronic  bronchitis  may  be  due  to  re- 
peated attacks  of  the  acute  form,  but  more  often  to 
a diseased  condition  of  the  heart  or  some  other  in- 
ternal organ,  which  causes  a chronic  congestion  of 
the  pulmonary  vessels.  An  obstinate  cough  is 
among  the  symptoms.  Recovery  should  be  sought 
by  avoiding  irritants,  such  as  dust,  smoke  and  al- 
cohol. Complete  bodily  rest  should  be  sought. 

The  first  step  toward  recovery  is  the  removal  of 
the  cause,  and  study  should,  therefore,  be  made  of 
the  disease  back  of  the  bronchitis.  This  calls  for 
the  services  of  a good  physician. 

BRUISES 

Injuries  caused  by  a blow  or  fall  cause  more  or 
less  crushing  of  the  muscles,  and  usually  break 
some  of  the  smaller  blood  vessels.  The  less  seri- 
ous should  be  treated  with  cold  applications  and 
pressure.  Diluted  alcohol,  arnica,  witch-hazel  ex- 
tract or  a solution  of  sugar  of  lead,  alum  and  water 
may  be  used.  If  the  skin  is  cold,  cold  applications 
should  not  be  used,  but  the  injury  should  be  bathed 
with  an  antiseptic  and  bandaged.  Massage  is  fre- 


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qtiently  advisable  to  facilitate  the  absorption  of 
blood  forced  into  the  tissues  through  ruptured 
veins. 

For  bruises  in  which  the  skin  is  broken,  the  same 
treatment  is  required  as  for  other  wounds,  to  guard 
against  infection  of  bacteria. 

BUNION 

A deformity  of  the  great  toe  caused  by  wearing 
narrow-pointed  shoes.  There  is  a displacement  of 
the  joint  where  the  toe  joins  the  foot  proper.  The 
bones  are  enlarged  and  the  ligaments  of  the  joint 
are  thickened.  Inflammation  and  pain  often  occur. 
If  an  abscess  forms,  it  should  be  opened.  Broad- 
toed shoes  should  be  worn.  Sometimes  conditions 
are  improved  by  wearing  some  contrivance  to  force 
the  great  toe  back  toward  its  natural  position. 
Bunions  are  prevented  by  wearing  comfortable, 
well-fitting  shoes  that  do  not  crowd  the  toes. 

BUBONIC  PLAGUE 

This  disease,  in  epidemic  form,  known  simply  as 
the  plague,  has  swept  away  millions  of  people  in 
eastern  countries.  Many  years  ago  it  frequently 
spread  through  Europe,  where  it  was  known  as  the 
""  Black  Death.’^  It  is  a germ  disease,  which  is 
carried  from  one  person  to  another,  but  is  more 
often  carried  by  animals,  especially  rats.  There  is 
most  danger  of  it  in  dark,  dirty,  unhealthful  build- 
ings. 

The  germ  gains  entrance  to  the  body  through  the 
respiratory  system,  the  digestive  tract  and  broken- 
down  skin  surfaces.  The  disease  develops  rapidly 


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with  high  temperature,  delirium,  hemorrhages  and 
enlarged  and  often  suppurating  glands  or  buboes, 
from  which  the  disease  takes  its  name. 

The  patient  should  be  kept  strictly  isolated,  and 
absolute  cleanliness  is  necessary.  As  a preventive 
measure,  rats  should  be  kept  exterminated  so  far 
as  possible,  and  cleanliness  of  person  and  surround- 
ings should  be  maintained. 

CANCER 

A malignant  form  of  tumor,  no  cure  for  which 
has  yet  been  discovered.  The  exact  cause  of  the 
disease  is  not  yet  known.  Many  things  have  been 
discovered  about  cancer  in  recent  years,  which  it 
is  expected  will  lead  to  the  discovery  of  some 
method  of  cure  or  immunity.  Apparently,  cancer 
is  not  caused  by  any  germ,  either  bacterial  or  para- 
sitic, but  spreads  through  the  growth  of  its  own 
peculiar  cells,  which  take  the  place  of  the  natural 
cells  of  the  body. 

It  has  been  found  that  a person  who  has  recov- 
ered from  a cancer  is  thereafter  immune.  Recov- 
eries, which  are  rare,  have  never  resulted  from  any 
particular  treatment  apparently,  but  have  occurred 
because  of  some  agency  within  the  body  itself. 
Cancers  are  usually  removed  by  cutting,  but  some- 
times successfully  by  the  use  of  a caustic.  Can- 
cers spread  through  the  blood  and  lymph  vessels, 
and  the  sooner  they  are  removed,  the  more  chance 
there  is  of  complete  recovery. 

Some  of  the  more  dangerous  forms  of  cancer  are 
those  of  the  internal  organs.  Cancer  of  the  liver 
is  considered  fatal,  and  cancer  of  the  stomach  is  at- 
tended by  great  danger;  also  cancerous  troubles 
of  the  abdominal  organs,  but  cures  are  sometimes 


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effected  by  operations.  No  reliance  should  be 
placed  upon  the  frequently  advertised  cures-  for 
cancer  without  the  use  of  the  knife. 

CANKER 

Canker  in  the  mouth  appears  in  nursing  and 
bottle-fed  babies,  and  is  caused  by  the  growth  of  a 
vegetable  fungus  resembling  the  yeast  plant  on  the 
mucous  membrane.  It  appears  as  white  spots, 
surrounded  by  a narrow,  inflamed  strip.  The 
mouth  should  be  washed  out  after  each  feeding  with 
a solution  of  boracic  acid  as  strong  as  can  be  made. 
Cover  the  finger  with  a piece  of  absorbent  cotton, 
dip  it  into  the  solution  and  swab  the  mouth  thor- 
oughly. 

CHICKEN  POX 

Chicken  pox  is  an  acute  contagious  disease  of 
childhood.  It  comes  on  about  twelve  days  after 
exposure,  often  beginning  with  a slight  chill  and 
fever,  which  is  followed  in  about  twenty-four  hours 
by  the  presence  on  the  body  of  a number  of  raised 
red  papules,  which,  in  a few  hours  more,  are  filled 
with  the  clear  or  milky  fluid  which  changes  later  to 
pus.  By  the  end  of  the  week,  the  pustules  are  dried 
into  brown  crusts.  Fresh  crops  of  these  papules 
appear  during  the  first  few  days,  so  that  papules, 
vesicles  and  pustules  may  all  be  present  at  the  same 
time.  This  is  never  the  case  in  smallpox. 

Although  chicken  pox  resembles  a mild  case  of 
smallpox,  it  is  an  entirely  different  disease,  and  one 
does  not  protect  against  the  other.  There  is  much 
itching  of  the  skin,  but  scratching  should  be  avoided, 
as  it  causes  ulcers  and  scars. 


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The  skin  should  be  bathed  occasionally  in  a soda 
or  weak  carbolic  acid  solution,  ten  drops  of  a mix- 
ture of  glycerin  and  carbolic  acid  to  a large  wash 
basin  of  warm  water.  In  order  to  prevent  spread 
of  the  disease,  the  patient  should  be  isolated,  and 
one  should  make  sure  that  the  disease  really  is 
chicken  pox  and  not  smallpox. 

CHILBLAINS 

These  are  swellings  caused  by  paralysis  and  dila- 
tion of  the  blood  vessels  after  they  have  been  dis- 
turbed by  severe  cold.  They  appear  upon  the  toes, 
fingers,  ears  and  nose.  Although  usually  caused  by 
exposure  when  the  temperature  is  below  freezing, 
they  may  also  result  from  frequent  washing  in  cold 
water.  Chilblains  may  be  prevented  by  encour- 
aging the  circulation  of  blood  in  the  hands  and 
feet. 

The  treatment  may  include  bathing  in  hot  water, 
with  a few  drops  of  ammonia  added.  Tincture  of 
iodine  may  help,  if  painted  upon  the  surface. 
Among  the  remedies  prescribed  are  equal  parts  of 
castor  oil  and  balsam  of  Peru ; or  apply  a coating  of 
a preparation  consisting  of  tannic  acid  two  drams, 
carbolic  acid  twenty-four  drops,  alcohol  four  drams 
and  water  enough  to  make  an  ounce  in  all.  Apply 
with  a brush  night  and  morning. 

CHOLERA 

Asiatic  cholera  is  an  infectious  disease  caused  by 
germs  taken  into  the  body  with  contaminated 
drinking  water.  The  germ  of  cholera  was  discov- 
ered by  Robert  Koch.  It  gains  access  to  the  in- 
testines and  multiplies  very  rapidly,  producing 


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poisonous  substances  that  are  absorbed  and  cause 
diseased  conditions  in  various  parts  of  the  body. 
The  early  symptoms  are  usually  nausea,  restlessness 
and  chilly  sensations,  followed  by  violent  and  fre- 
quently recurring  diarrhea  and  vomiting.  Then, 
there  is  dizziness,  palpitation  of  the  heart,  a gray 
appearance  to  the  face  and  blueness  of  the  body. 
Pain  in  the  stomach  and  region  of  the  heart  is  often 
severe.  There  are  cramps  in  the  calves  and  arms. 

The  patient  suffers  continually  from  thirst. 
Urine  may  be  suppressed.  The  patient  sinks  into 
unconsciousness,  and  in  that  condition  may  die. 
Otherwise,  he  may  suddenly  improve  and  then 
either  recover  or  sink  into  a fatal  state  of  uncon- 
sciousness which  terminates  in  a few  days. 

There  is  so  much  danger  of  spreading  the  disease 
that  great  care  should  be  taken  in  disposing  of  all 
waste  matter  from  the  patient.  There  is  no  de- 
pendable remedy  for  cholera,  and  treatment  should 
be  entirely  under  the  direction  of  a physician. 

Among  the  preparations  prescribed  is  a mixture 
of  one  part  each  of  rhubarb,  spirits  of  peppermint, 
camphor,  capsicum  and  opium.  From  ten  to  twenty 
drops  in  a glass  of  water  is  the  dose  prescribed. 
Hoffmann’s  anodyne  is  also  prescribed.  This  con- 
sists of  four  ounces  of  ether,  eight  ounces  of  alco- 
hol and  150  minims  of  ethereal  oil.  From  twenty 
to  sixty  drops  are  given  as  a dose. 

CHOLERA  INFANTUM 

This  disease  attacks  children  during  the  summer 
months.  It  is  a violent  inflammation  of  the  stomach 
and  bowels.  Germs  in  milk  usually  cause  the 
trouble.  The  attack  comes  on  suddenly,  with 
severe  vomiting  and  purging;  pain  in  the  abdomen. 


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which  becomes  distended  and  sensitive,  high  fever, 
feeble  pulse  and  coldness  of  the  surface,  with  mus- 
cular spasms  and  often  general  convulsions.  A 
physician  should  be  summoned  immediately.  No 
nourishment  should  be  given,  and  thirst  should  be 
satisfied^  with  boiled  water  until  further  directions 
are  given  by  the  physician. 

CHOLERA  MORBUS 

Cholera  morbus  is  an  inflammation  of  the  stomach 
and  intestines,  the  cause  of  which  is  usually  decom- 
position of  food,  as  the  result  of  heat  in  the  summer. 
Another  cause  is  sometimes  the  drinking  of  too 
much  very  cold  beverages  when  the  body  is  over- 
heated. The  disease  appears  with  acute  pain  in 
the  abdomen,  nausea,  vomiting,  watery  diarrhea, 
cramps  in  the  legs  and  cold,  clammy  skin. 

The  patient  should  be  kept  quiet  in  bed,  and 
there  should  be  continual  applications  of  heat  to 
the  abdomen.  This  should  be  dry;  hot  water 
bottles,  hot  sand  bags  or  similar  things  may  be  used. 
The  first  treatment  should  be  the  giving  of  a 
cathartic ; castor  oil,  for  instance.  Hot  water  only 
should  be  given  internally.  It  is  well  to  abstain 
from  food  for  at  least  twelve  or  twenty-four  hours. 

COLDS 

A cold  is  a contagious  disease,  due  to  the  en- 
trance through  the  respiratory  tract  of  some  organ- 
ism which  attacks,  primarily,  the  mucous  mem- 
brane, usually  beginning  with  the  nose  and  throat. 
It  attacks  most  often  those  living  in  poorly  ven- 
tilated dwellings  and  among  bad  hygienic  surround- 
ings, and  those  of  lowered  vitality.  Colds  are  un- 


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known  among  Arctic  explorers  while  on  their 
expeditions. 

Frequently:  repeated  colds  by  those  who  still  re- 
tain the  germs  may  be  brought  on  by  chilling  of 
the  surface  of  the  body,  which  drives  the  blood 
from  the  surface,  causing  a congestion  in  the  in- 
ternal organs.  Any  organ  that  has  been  weakened 
will  be  the  first  to  suffer,  and  will  become  the  seat 
of  congestion.  Bacteria  multiply  in  the  weakened 
organ  and  cause  the  various  disorders  that  appear 
with  a cold. 

Colds  may  be  prevented  by  keeping  the  skin 
healthy  and  well  nourished,  so  that  being  rich  in 
blood  it  is  capable  of  reacting  when  exposed  to  low 
temperature.  The  first  treatment  for  a cold  should 
be  to  bring  about  profuse  perspiration,  stimulat- 
ing the  blood  vessels  of  the  skin.  This  may  be  done 
by  hot  baths,  hot  applications  in  the  form  of  packs, 
and  administering  hot  beverages.  The  object  to  be 
attained  is  a readjustment  of  the  circulation  of  the 
blood  in  the  various  organs  of  the  body. 

COLIC 

This  is  a condition  of  acute  pain  caused  by  spas- 
modic contraction  of  the  muscles  of  the  internal 
organs.  It  usually  occurs  in  the  intestine.  Be- 
cause of  the  presence  of  undigested  food,  fermenta- 
tion and  inflammation  gases  contribute  chiefly  to 
the  disturbance.  Colic  is  a symptom  rather  than 
a disease,  and  may  indicate  some  simple  irritation 
or  presence  of  a tumor  or  adhesions  of  the  intes- 
tine. 

The  treatment  should  be  hot  applications  over 
the  site  of  the  pain,  and  hot  baths  sometimes  give 
relief.  Hot  water  or  soap  enemas  sometimes  re- 


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Have  colic  pains  in  the  intestine.  When  the  acute 
pains  have  been  relieved  the  cause  of  the  trouble 
should  be  discovered  and  receive  treatment. 

CONCUSSION  OF  THE  BRAIN 

A severe  blow  on  the  head  often  so  disturbs  the 
brain  as  to  cause  unconsciousness  and  lack  of  sen- 
sation. A low  pulse,  weak  breathing  and  vomiting 
follow.  There  is  often  danger  that  there  may  be  a 
fracture  of  the  skull  in  addition  to  the  concussion 
of  the  brain.  The  person  injured  should  be  moved 
very  carefully,  all  clothing  should  be  loosened  and 
his  head  placed  low. 

If  able  to  swallow,  he  should  be  given  water. 
Never  attempt  artificial  respiration.  Further 
treatment  should  be  under  the  direction  of  a phy- 
sician. The  patient  must  be  kept  very  quiet. 

CONSTIPATION 

This  disorder  is  usually  due  to  either  the  wrong 
kind  of  diet  or  unhealthy  habits  of  living.  It  is 
important  that  the  diet  consist  of  a liberal  quan- 
tity of  bulky  and  juicy  foods.  The  intestine  re- 
quires the  stimulation  which  a fresh  vegetable  diet 
gives.  Such  concentrated  food  as  meat  causes  less 
contraction  for  the  walls  of  the  intestines,  and  their 
muscles  become  weakened.  A lack  of  exercise 
tends  to  this  condition.  Tight  lacing  has  been  the 
cause  of  this  disorder  with  many  girls  and  women. 

Walking  and  special  exercises  which  employ 
muscles  of  the  abdomen  help  to  ward  off  constipa- 
tion. The  treatment  should  include  a careful  diet, 
consisting  in  a general  way  of  the  coarse  breads 
and  cereals,  cream,  fresh,  juicy  fruits  and  veg- 


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etables  and  juicy  meats;  and  drinking  large  quan- 
tities of  water.  Foods  to  be  especially  avoided  are 
white  bread,  baked  beans,  pork,  veal,  eggs  and  any 
kind  of  salted,  dried  or  preserved  meats,  nuts, 
cheese,  milk  and  tea. 

One  should  take  a glass  of  cold  water  before 
breakfast  and  before  retiring.  There  should  be 
careiul  massage  of  the  abdomen,  and  prompt  and 
regular  attention  to  the  movements  of  the  bowels. 
In  the  more  serious  cases,  enemas  of  water  or  oil 
may  be  given.  Cathartics  should  be  avoided,  as 
they  overstimulate  the  intestines,  leaving  them 
more  sluggish  afterwards. 

Among  the  fruits  specially  recommended  are 
grapes,  which  may  be  eaten  in  liberal  quantities. 
The  patient  should  eat  freely,  having  in  mind  the 
fact  that  the  intestinal  muscles  are  to  be  stimulated 
by  food  in  which  protein  is  not  prominent. 

CONSUMPTION 

Tuberculosis  of  the  lungs.  This  is  a very  com- 
mon and  very  fatal  disease.  It  may  appear  in  the 
acute  form,  which  runs  to  a fatal  conclusion  within 
a few  weeks,  or  in  the  chronic  form,  which  may 
last  for  several  years.  It  is  infectious,  and  is 
caused  by  a germ  that  enters  the  body  and  forms 
in  the  lungs  a large  number  of  tubercles — little  gray 
bodies  about  the  size  of  a pin  head.  The  tubes 
and  walls  of  the  lungs  become  more  or  less  filled 
with  the  tubercles,  and,  as  the  disease  develops, 
there  is  a breaking  down  of  the  lung  tissues,  the 
progress  of  the  disease  being  destructive. 

The  early  symptoms  include  a dry,  teasing  cough, 
loss  of  strength  and  flesh,  a rapid  pulse,  and  a 
slight  rise  of  temperature  in  the  afternoon.  Some- 


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times  the  first  symptom  noticed  is  a sudden 
hemorrhage.  The  patient  steadily  loses  strength 
and  the  coughing  increases  and  becomes  more  dis- 
tressing, with  more  and  more  expectoration,  which 
becomes  thicker  and  yellow  in  color.  Sometimes 
there  is  pain  in  the  chest,  and  the  general  debility 
that  attends  the  disease  may  lead  to  complication 
of  other  organs,  including  digestive  troubles,  kid- 
ney and  heart  disease. 

Danger  from  Infection 

As  the  disease  is  infectious,  great  care  should  be 
taken  to  avoid  it.  It  is  important  to  maintain 
good  sanitary  conditions  and  seek  sunlight  and 
fresh  air,  remembering  also  that  only  under  con- 
ditions of  lowered  vitality  is  one  likely  to  acquire 
consumption.  The  disease  is  not  hereditary,  ex- 
cept in  very  rare  instances,  but  there  may  be  a 
hereditary  tendency  to  acquire  the  disease;  and  in 
all  cases  where  the  health  is  not  vigorous  or  the 
sanitary  conditions  surrounding  one  are  not  good, 
there  is  always  danger. 

The  germs  of  the  disease  are  expectorated  by 
those  afflicted,  and,  becoming  dried,  are  breathed  in 
with  the  dust,  or  enter  the  stomach  upon  articles 
of  food,  and  then  pass  into  the  circulation. 

Air  and  Nutrition 

Consumption  in  its  early  stages  is  cured  by  a 
course  of  treatment  which  includes  rest,  living  and 
sleeping  in  the  open  air,  cold  baths  and  an  abun- 
dance of  nourishing  food — the  one  purpose  being  to 
make  the  general^  health  and  store  of  physical  vital- 
ity as  great  as  possible.  This  means  the  death  of 
the  germ  in  the  early  stages  of  consumption. 


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I4I 

JAs  people  have  come  to  realize  more  keenly  the 
conditions  under  which  consumption  flourishes,  and 
the  conditions  under  which  it  cannot  exist,  the  death 
rate  from  the  disease  has  rapidly  decreased,  and 
more  and  more  attention  is  given  to  sanitary  en- 
vironment, and  the  avoidance  of  infection  from 
those  suffering  with  the  disease. 

Tuberculosis  is  not  always  confined  to  the  lungs, 
but  may  develop  in  other  parts  of  the  body,  includ- 
ing bones,  skin  and  bowels. 


CONVULSIONS 

Convulsions  are  violent,  spasmodic,  muscular  con- 
tractions, accompanied  by  unconsciousness.  They 
are  not  a disease,  but  a symptom  of  some  disease  or 
brain  irritation.  They  are  most  common  in  in- 
fancy. Among  the  most  frequent  causes  in  chil- 
dren are  some  digestive  disturbance,  meningitis  or 
the  onset  of  some  contagious  disease.  Teething, 
which  is  so  often  assigned  as  the  cause  of  infantile 
convulsions,  is  almost  never  the  cause  of  that  or 
any  other  serious  condition. 

The  attacks  usually  appear  suddenly,  the  face  be- 
coming pale,  the  eyes  fixed  or  rolled  upward,  con- 
sciousness is  lost,  and  there  are  spasmodic  twitch- 
ings  of  the  face  and  extremities,  followed  by  a 
retraction  of  the  head  and  clenching  of  the  hands, 
and  violent  contractions  of  all  the  muscles.  The 
respirations  are  shallow,  and  the  face  becomes  blue 
and  distorted.  One  attack  is  very  apt  to  be  fol- 
lowed by  others.  Death  from  convulsions  is  gen- 
erally due  to  exhaustion  from  rapidly  recurring 
attacks. 


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For  a Child 

If  the  patient  is  a child,  place  it  in  a warm  bath 
with  a cold  sponge  on  the  head,  and  move  bowels 
by  enema,  and,  after  the  attack,  keep  it  as  quiet  as 
possible,  to  avoid  a fresh  outburst.  The  treatment 
for  adults  should  include  loosening  the  clothing 
about  the  neck  and  chest,  placing  a wedge  between 
the  jaws,  if  possible,  to  prevent  injury  to  the  tongue. 
Give  plenty  of  air. 

Convulsions- call  for  the  presence  of  a physician, 
especially  because  of  the  fact  that  they  are  symp- 
toms of  serious  trouble  requiring  expert  attention. 

CORNS 

• 

Corns  consist  of  thickening  and  hardening  of  part 
of  the  skin,  usually  over  the  little  toe.  Hard  layers 
of  skin  form  and,  instead  of  being  like  other  cal- 
louses, a sort  of  plug  presses  down  upon  the  nerves 
below  the  skin,  which  is  very  sensitive. 

The  treatment  consists  in  removal  of  the  thick- 
ened skin  or  hard  plug  in  the  skin  which  constitutes 
the  corn.  This  may  be  done  by  scraping  off  the 
layers  with  a sharp  knife,  using  great  care  if 
bleeding  is  caused,  to  avoid  infection.  Before  any 
attempt  is  made  to  remove  the  corn,  it  should  be 
loosened  by  some  application.  For  instance,  a 50 
per  cent  solution  of  potash  lye. 

The  removal  of  the  corn  may  be  accomplished  by 
the  use  of  a caustic.  A saturated  solution  of  sali- 
cylic acid  in  collodion  may  be  applied.  It  acts 
slowly,  but  is  not  painful,  and  accomplishes  the 
desired  result. 

Corns  are  caused  by  tight  or  ill-fitting  shoes, 
and  great  care  should  be  used  in  selecting  shoes 
that  are  comfortable. 


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CROUP 

Croup  IS  a catarrhal  spasm  of  the  larynx,  usually 
occurring  in  children  under  the  age  of  five.  It  is 
most  frequently  associated  with  enlarged  tonsils 
and  adenoid  growths.  The  exciting  cause  may  be 
exposure  to  cold,  or  an  attack  of  indigestion,  and 
the  inflammation  of  the  larynx  is  added  and  spas- 
modic contraction  of  the  vocal  chord,  causing  a nar- 
rowing of  the  opening,  preventing  the  entrance  of 
air.  The  attack  may  come  on  without  warning,  or 
be  preceded  for  several  hours  by  hoarseness  and  a 
barking  cough,  which  grows  worse  about  midnight, 
with  difficulty  in  breathing.  The  child  wakes  sud- 
denly, terrified,  sits  up  in  bed,  struggles  for  breath, 
inspiration  is  difficult,  prolonged  and  crowing.  The 
cough  is  hoarse,  barking  and  metallic. 

The  symptoms  are  most  alarming  to  the  unin- 
itiated, and  out  of  all  proportion  to  the  seriousness 
of  the  disease  itself.  The  attack  gradually  wears 
away,  and  in  an  hour  or  so  the  child  falls  asleep, 
and  the  next  day  only  a slight  cough  and  hoarseness 
remain.  But  if  left  to  itself,  the  attack  is  likely 
to  be  repeated  on  the  next  two  nights,  after  which 
the  child  is  as  well  as  usual  until  change  in  weather 
or  diet  precipitates  another  attack. 

The  purpose  of  treatment  during  the  spasm  is 
to  produce  relaxation  of  the  contracting  muscles. 
This  is  accomplished  by  hot,  moist  compressions  to 
the  throat  and  inhalations  of  steam.  If  necessary, 
half  a teaspoonful  of  ipecac  may  be  given  to  induce 
vomiting.  As  a preventive,  fresh  air,  cold  spong- 
ing and  the  removal  of  any  adenoid  growths  or 
enlarged  tonsils  are  recommended. 

So-called  membranous  croup  is  a form  of  diph- 
theria. 


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DANDRUFF 

A disturbance  of  the  oil  glands  of  the  scalp,  caus- 
ing an  excessive  dryness  and  the  formation  of 
scales  which  come  off  freely.  It  is  usually  confined 
to  the  top  and  crown  of  the  head.  The  hairs,  de- 
prived of  the  necessary  lubricant,  become  dry  and 
fall  out,  and  if  the  condition  is  not  soon  arrested, 
baldness  results.  The  hair  and  scalp  should  be 
kept  clean  by  washing  with  castile  soap  and  warm 
water.  All  soap  should  be  washed  away,  the  hair 
gently  dried  and  the  following  formula  rubbed  into 
the  scalp : Mix  parts  each  of  resorcin  and 
castor  oil  in  20  parts  of  cologne  water,  adding 
enough  alcohol  to  make  100  parts.  This  treat- 
ment should  be  repeated  two  or  three  times  a week. 

In  order  to  keep  the  hair  in  good  condition, 
cleanliness  is  important,  but  washing  should  not 
occur  any  oftener  than  is  necessary  for  cleanliness, 
and  strong  soap  should  be  avoided.  The  condition 
of  the  hair  depends,  to  quite  a degree,  on  the  oil  in 
it.  Too  much  washing  and  the  use  of  harsh  soap 
removes  the  oil  and  leaves  the  hair  and  scalp  un- 
naturally dry.  Frequent  massage  of  the  scalp  with 
the  finger  tips,  brushing  the  hair  with  a good 
bristle  brush,  but  never  with  a metal  brush,  stim- 
ulate the  health  of  the  scalp  and  hair  and  promote 
hair  growth. 

Baldness  Cure 

Kerosene  oil  is  perhaps  the  best  cure  for  ap- 
proaching baldness.  It  is  best  applied  by  putting 
the  oil  in  a little  oiler  like  that  used  for  bicycles, 
sewing  machines  and  typewriters  and  placing  the 
end  of  the  oiler  close  to  the  scalp,  leaving  a drop  in 


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a space,  taking  care  not  to  wet  the  hair  with  the 
oil  more  than  is  necessary.  It  spreads  widely  and 
rapidly  over  the  surface.  This  should  be  applied 
upon  going  to  bed,  once  a month  only.  In  the 
morning  if  the  hair  is  shaken  out  and  exposed  to 
the  sunshine  and  air  for  a few  minutes  the  odor  of 
the  oil  will  disappear.  After  the  hair  has  fallen 
out  to  the  extent  of  baldness  there  is  little  hope  of 
its  growing  again.  All  hair  dyes  are  more  or  less 
harmful  and  should  not  be  used. 

DEAFNESS 

The  ear  is  an  exceedingly  complicated  and  deli- 
cate organ.  The  external  ear  is  a shell-like  car- 
tilaginous structure  for  collecting  the  sound  waves. 
It  leads  into  a canal  about  134  inches  long,  known 
as  the  external  auditory  canal.  A membrane, 
known  as  the  ear  drum  or  tympanic  membrane,  is 
stretched  across  the  inner  end.  This  separates  the 
external  from  the  middle  ear.  The  sound  waves 
passing  through  the  external  into  the  middle  ear 
cause  the  tympanic  membrane  to  vibrate  and  this 
produces  a movement  of  the  delicate  ear  bones  that 
stretch  across  the  cavity  of  the  middle  ear.  This 
impulse  is  transmitted  through  another  membrane 
to  the  internal  ear,  a bony  labyrinth  containing  a 
liquid  which  is  set  into  vibration  by  these  sound 
waves  and  plays  upon  the  delicate  nerve  endings 
arranged  like  the  keys  of  a piano. 

The  sense  of  hearing  is  impaired  to  a greater  or 
lesser  degree  by  any  injury  or  disease  of  the  auditory 
apparatus,  blows  upon  the  head  or  loud,  explosive 
sounds.  Large  masses  of  wax  may  collect  in  the 
canal,  however,  and  press  upon  the  drum,  causing 
more  or  less  pain,  ringing  in  the  ear  and  deafness. 


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A catarrhal  inflammation  causing  a closure  of  the 
tube  leading  from  the  middle  ear  to  the  throat  also 
produces  similar  symptoms. 

Abscess  of  Middle  Ear 

The  most  serious  conditions  are  those  due  to  in- 
fection and  the  formation  of  abscess  in  the  middle 
ear.  This  may  come  on  independently,  but  often  fol- 
lows certain  diseases  such  as  grippe,  measles,  scar- 
let fever,  pneumonia  or  smallpox. 


The  treatment  is  early  incision  of  the  drum,  per- 
mitting free  drainage  of  the  abscess.  It  should  be 
frequently  syringed  with  a boracic  acid  solution 
and  dried  with  sterile  cotton.  The  use  of  oil  in 
the  ear  should  be  avoided,  as  it  tends  to  multiply 
bacteria  and  increase  infection.  If  these  cases 


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are  neglected  the  destruction  of  the  middle  ear  and 
its  surrounding  bony  walls,  and  even  perforation 
into  the  brain  itself,  may  result. 

Hereditary  deafness  involves  some  defect  in  the 
nerve  of  hearing.  This  class  of  cases  are  less 
likely  to  be  benefited  by  treatment. 

Ear  trumpets  are  usually  unsatisfactory,  but  any- 
one having  defective  hearing  will  do  well  to  experi- 
ment with  some  of  the  different  kinds.  The  numer- 
ous devices  advertised  as  overcoming  all  defects 
of  hearing  are  almost  invariably  frauds.  It  is  best 
to  follow  the  directions  of  a physician  in  this 
matter. 

DIABETES 

Diabetes  is  a disease  in  which  a form  of  sugar 
called  glucose  is  passed  in  the  urine,  instead  of 
being  assimilated  by  digestion  as  it  should  be.  It 
is  not  a disease  of  the  kidneys,  but  of  some  of  the 
other  organs,  as  the  pancreas,  liver  or  possibly  of 
the  nervous  system  itself.  There  is  an  increase  in 
the  amount  of  urine;  there  is  loss  of  flesh  and 
strength  and  an  abnormal  appetite  and  thirst.  The 
disease  may  prove  fatal  within  a few  months, 
usually  so  with  children,  or  may  last  for  many 
years. 

The  symptoms  usually  include  nervousness,  dif- 
ficulty in  sleeping  and  some  headache.  As  the 
disease  progresses,  the  amount  of  urine  increases 
to  a very  large  amount.  The  sugar  excreted  may  be 
in  excess  of  that  taken  in  food.  The  patient  grows 
more  emaciated,  sometimes  consumption  develops 
and  sometimes  acute  pneumonia.  Boils  and  car- 
buncles frequently  appear,  and  are  dangerous,  be- 
cause the  diabetic  condition  is  liable  to  cause  fatal 
blood  poisoning  from  them. 


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Treatment  should  include,  among  other  things,  a 
diet  which  largely  restricts  foods  yielding  sugar  in 
the  process  of  digestion.  This  includes  the  starchy 
foods.  Fruits  should  be  eaten  freely,  especially  acid 
fruits.  The  patient  should  have  plenty  of  rest, 
exercise,  fresh  air,  baths,  and  so  regulate  his  habits 
as  to  improve  his  general  physical  condition  to  the 
highest  possible  degree. 

DIPHTHERIA 

This  is  an  infectious  disease  caused  by  a germ 
that  induces  inflammation  of  the  mucous  membrane 
of  the  throat,  nose  and  mouth.  What  is  known  as 
a false  membrane  forms,  having  a gray  color.  It 
appears  upon  the  tonsils  first,  usually,  and  spreads 
to  the  soft  palate.  Aside  from  the  inflammation  of 
the  membrane,  the  disease  affects  the  general  sys- 
tem, according  to  the  degree  which  the  poisons  pro- 
duced locally  are  absorbed. 

Sometimes  diphtheria  attacks  the  larynx  and 
trachea,  and  is  sometimes  known  as  membranous 
croup,  which  is  very  dangerous,  and  tends  to  ob- 
struct the  air  passages.  The  symptoms  of  the  dis- 
ease vary,  according  to  the  severity.  They  may 
include  chills,  fever,  nausea,  vomiting,  headache, 
difficulty  in  swallowing,  pains  in  the  throat,  and 
hoarseness.  Gray  patches  appear  in  the  throat  and 
the  tonsils  are  red  and  swollen.  There  is  painful 
swelling  of  the  glands  in  the  neck. 

In  mild  cases  the  symptoms  pass  away  in  a few 
days;  in  more  severe  cases  the  symptoms  grow 
worse;  there  is  general  weakness  and  the  poison- 
ing of  the  system  causes  a weakened  condition  of 
jthe  heart,  lungs,  kidneys  and  nerves.  Death  may 
ibe  caused  by  interference  with  breathing,  heart  fail- 
ure or  paralysis. 


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The  treatment  should  include  the  injection  of 
anti-toxin  serum  at  the  earliest  opportunity,  ab- 
solute cleanliness,  free  use  of  dioxygen  and  boracic 
acid  solutions  or  other  antiseptics  for  sprays  and 
gargles.  Cold  applications  applied  to  the  throat 
are  recommended.  Careful  attention  should  be 
given  to  the  possibility  of  restricted  breathing  or 
choking.  This  requires  the  attention  of  a physician. 

Good  air  should  be  provided  freely,  without 
drafts,  and  the  patient  should  be  kept  in  strict 
quarantine,  and  careful  disinfecting  of  everything 
used  in  the  care  of  the  patient. 

" DROWNING 

Drowning  causes  death  in  either  of  two  ways — • 
by  shock  or  by  suffocation.  The  appearance  of  the 
victim,  if  suffering  from  shock,  is  one  of  pallor, 
while  suffocation,  as  in  all  cases  of  asphyxia,  causes 
the  appearance  of  lividity.  In  one  case  the  face  is 
white  and  the  other  red.  These  indications  are 
signs  of  death,  if  the  victim  is  unconscious  and  has 
stopped  breathing;  but  in  many  cases  it  is  pos- 
sible to  revive  the  victim  by  persistent  effort,  and 
in  every  case  such  effort  should  be  made.  There 
have  been  cases  where  the  efforts  of  hours  spent 
upon  those  apparently  drowned  have  finally  re- 
sulted in  recovery. 

To  revive  from  drowning  the  first  essentials  are 
the  restoration  of  breathing  and  body  heat,  and  the 
maintenance  of  the  latter.  Remember  that  every 
moment  is  precious.  Loosen  or  cut  apart  all  neck 
bands  so  as  to  remove  obstructions  to  breathing. 
•Warmed  blankets  should  be  wrapped  around  the 
body  and  hot  water  bottles  or  hot  bricks  applied. 
At  the  same  time  turn  the  patient  on  his  face,  with 


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head  lower  than  body,  grasping  body  about  the 
middle  and  raising  as  far  as  you  can  without  lift- 
ing the  head  off  the  ground ; give  the  body  a sharp 
jerk  to  remove  mucus  from  throat  and  water  from 
windpipe.  Holding  the  body  suspended,  slowly 
count  I,  2,  3,  and  then  repeat  the  jerk  gently  two 
or  three  times. 

Artificial  Respiration 

Place  body  on  ground  again,  face  downward; 
stand  astride  the  body,  holding  it  by  the  joints  of 
the  shoulders.  Raise  the  chest  as  far  as  possible 
without  lifting  the  head  from  the  ground;  hold  it 
long  enough  to  slowly  count  three.  Replace  the 
body  on  the  ground  with  forehead  resting  on  the 
arm  that  has  been  bent  at  the  elbow.  Be  sure  that 
nose  and  mouth  are  free,  so  that  they  can  take  in 
air. 

With  elbows  against  knees  for  a leverage,  press 
downward  and  inward  with  increasing  force  against 
the  side  of  the  victim’s  chest  and  over  the  lower 
ribs  long  enough  to  count  two,  then  let  go  sud- 
denly. Grasp  the  shoulders  as  before  and  raise  the 
chest,  remembering  to  leave  the  forehead  resting 
on  the  ground.  Replace  the  body  on  the  ground, 
pressing  downward  and  inward  against  the  sides  of 
the  chest,  let  go  suddenly  and,  grasping  the  shoul- 
ders, raise  the  chest  and  press  upon  the  ribs.  If 
necessary,  repeat  these  alternate  movements  for  an 
hour  at  least  at  the  rate  of  fifteen  times  a minute 
unless  breathing  is  restored  sooner. 

Don’t  get  discouraged.  Work  persistently.  Peo- 
ple have  been  restored  to  consciousness  by  per- 
sistent effort  so  long  after  being  taken  from  the 
water  that  it  seemed  impossible  that  the  spark  of 


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life  could  still  exist.  Follow  the  above  directions 
explicitly  and,  if  there  is  still  life,  you  will  surely 
succeed  in  restoring  the  victim.  Just  keep  at  it. 

As  soon  as  the  patient  can  swallow,  give  hot  tea, 
coffee  or  milk.  Spirits  given  too  freely  at  this  time 
might  cause  depression. 

DROPSY 

A condition  that  may  develop  as  a complication 
of  various  diseases,  in  which  there  is  an  accumula- 
tion of  watery  fluid  in  the  cavities  of  the  body  or 
in  the  fatty  tissues.  This  is  caused  by  the  filtering 
of  the  watery  portion  of  the  blood  through  the 
vessels,  due  to  a slowing  of  the  circulation  or  a 
damming  up  of  the  current.  Inasmuch  as  dropsy 
develops  following  the  disease  of  some  of  the 
organs,  as  the  heart,  liver  or  the  kidneys,  its  treat- 
ment includes  a stimulation  of  those  organs  as  well 
as  an  attempt  to  carry  off  the  fluid  already  ac- 
cumulated. 

The  remedies  prescribed  for  dropsy  are  various 
purgatives,  digitalis,  cream  of  tartar  and  Irish 
broom. 

DRUG  HABITS 

Medical  science  has  been  seeking  for  many  years 
to  discover  a treatment  that  would  remove  the 
craving  for  opium,  morphine,  cocaine  and  alcohol. 
Many  so-called  cures  for  the  habit  of  taking  these 
narcotics  have  been  and  are  still  widely  advertised. 
The  victims  of  these  habits  are  rarely  ever  cured 
by  such  treatments,  and  almost  invariably  are  made 
vvTorse  off  by  taking  them.  The  preparations  given 
in  such  treatments  are  usually  loaded  with  the  very 
narcotics  that  they  are  supposed  to  fortify  against. 


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There  have  been  introduced  into  some  of  the 
leading  hospitals  and  the  practice  of  some  phy- 
sicians, treatments  that  are  said  to  accomplish  the 
desired  object.  They  are  said  to  obliterate  the 
craving  for  the  narcotic  to  which  the  patient  has 
been  enslaved.  Such  treatments  consist  in  admin- 
istering powerful  drugs  that  quickly  turn  the  sys- 
tem from  its  dependence  upon  the  narcotic  used, 
and  then  the  treatment  seeks  to  eliminate  from  the 
system  the  poison  left  by  the  drug  or  intoxicant 
habitually  used. 

Within  a week  or  two  the  cure  is  supposed  to  be 
accomplished,  and  the  patient,  then  weak  from  the 
effects  of  the  treatment,  has  to  be  built  up  with 
nourishing  food,  proper  exercise,  bathing,  fresh  air 
and  sunshine.  Several  months  at  least  are  re- 
quired to  firmly  establish  new  habits,  and  the 
patient  should  be  under  observation  and  advice  dur- 
ing that  time. 

The  treatment  used  especially  among  the  victims 
of  the  opium  and  morphine  habit  has  proved  effec- 
tive for  the  cocaine  habit,  the  alcohol  habit  and  the 
cigarette  habit. 

Cure  Depends  Upon  Will 

A permanent  cure  depends  upon  the  man  him- 
self. A weak-minded,  weak-willed,  sickly,  ill-nour- 
ished person  is  much  more  likely  to  take  up  the 
habit  again  than  the  strong  one.  The  treatment 
simply  gives  the  patient  a chance  for  a new  start. 

The  great  trouble  in  dealing  with  narcotic  habits 
has  been  not  so  much  the  treatment  of  the  physical 
effects  of  the  narcotic  poisoning  as  the  craving  for 
more  of  the  narcotic.  This  craving  differs  with  the 
different  narcotics. 


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The  craving  for  morphine  is  described  as  a pain 
and  hunger  which  must  be  satisfied;  that  for  co- 
caine causes  a nervous  restlessness  which  may  lead 
into  insane  passion,  which  cocaine  alone  can  quiet. 
Craving  for  alcohol,  beginning  with  a mental  desire, 
continues  steadily  until  one  can  think  of  nothing 
else. 

Causes  of  Drug  Habits 

The  special  causes  for  indulgence  in  narcotics 
vary.  In  cases  of  morphine,  pain  is  the  usual  cause 
and  the  welcome  relief  from  pain  repeatedly  secured 
leads  to  the  formation  of  the  habit  because  of  the 
sure,  soothing  effects  of  the  drug.  Insomnia  from 
any  cause  often  leads  to  the  taking  of  laudanum 
or  other  forms  of  opium,  including  morphine. 

The  cocaine  habit  is  even  worse  than  the  opium 
habit.  Its  use  comes  through  some  quack  med- 
icine, perhaps  a catarrh  nostrum.  It  may  follow 
or  accompany  the  morphine  habit  for  its  stimulat- 
ing effects.  The  cocaine  victim  becomes  a nervous 
wreck  in  about  five  months  at  the  longest. 

The  alcohol  habit,  although  in  many  ways  less 
serious  than  the  drug  habits  mentioned,  often  causes 
greater  harm  to  the  body  than  the  drugs,  by  reason 
of  the  selective  nature  of  the  poison.  Some  single 
organ  may  be  affected  and  bear  the  brunt  of  the 
poison,  while  the  others  seem  to  escape.  This  may 
result  in  disease  in  the  heart,  liver,  kidneys  or  brain, 
which  may  prove  fatal. 

The  one  word  of  advice  to  follow  with  reference  to 
narcotics  is  to  let  them  alone,  except  when  pre- 
scribed by  a physician  for  the  relief  of  acute  con- 
ditions, and  then  to  beware  of  continuing  taking 
such  prescriptions  longer  than  is  actually  necessary. 


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DYSENTERY 

Dysentery  is  an  infectious  inflammation  of  the 
large  intestine,  which  appears  principally  in  hot 
countries,  but  also  prevails  to  a certain  extent  in 
temperate  climates  during  the  summer  and 
autumn.  Dysentery  is  caused  by  a number  of  dif- 
ferent germs,  the  symptoms  varying  in  intensity 
and  character  according  to  the  infection,  and 
augmented  by  changes  in  temperature,  eating  food 
that  is  partiall}^  decayed  or  other  intestinal  irri- 
tants. There  is  pain  and  tenderness  in  the  bowels, 
frequent  passages  of  mucus  and  blood,  attended  by 
tenesmus,  fever  and  prostration. 

The  treatment  should  be  rest  in  bed,  fluid  diet, 
small  doses  of  castor  oil  at  frequent  intervals  and 
applications  of  hot  poultices  upon  the  abdomen.  In 
chronic  dysentery  a solution  of  one  dram  silver 
nitrate  and  one  ounce  distilled  water,  one  teaspoon- 
ful of  which,  added  to  three  pints  of  water,  may  be 
used  as  an  injection.  The  disease,  either  acute  or 
chronic,  is  dangerous,  and  should  have  the  atten- 
tion of  a physician. 

DYSPEPSIA 

This  term  is  applied  to  symptoms  of  derangement 
of  the  stomach’s  functions.  The  symptoms  are  heart- 
burn, gas,  pain  in  the  stomach,  occasional  rising  of 
acid  liquids  from  the  stomach,  feeling  of  heaviness 
in  the  region  of  the  stomach,  loss  of  appetite,  ir- 
regular action  of  the  bowels,  and  palpitation  of  the 
heart.  There  are  a variety  of  causes.  Among  them 
overwork,  either  m.ental  or  physical,  worry,  hasty 
eating  without  proper  mastication,  overeating  or  in- 
dulgence in  any  food  difficult  to  digest,  or  the  symp- 


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toms  may  be  due  to  some  disease  such  as  cancer 
or  ulcers  of  the  stomach. 

The  treatment  should  be  directed  toward  remov- 
ing the  cause  of  dyspepsia,  the  diet  should  be 
limited  to  the  most  simple  and  easily  digested 
foods,  unless  it  is  a nervous  dyspepsia,  when,  often- 
times, the  patient  is  not  eating  enough.  Plenty  of 
water  should  be  taken  to  flush  out  the  digestive 
tract.  It  is  w^ell  to  take  some  mild  laxative  and 
tonics,  and  then  give  nature  a chance  to  work  its 
own  cure  by  rest. 

ECZEMA 

An  inflammation  of  the  skin  that  occurs  in  both 
acute  and  chronic  forms.  The  skin  is  reddened, 
thickened,  itches  and  is  covered  with  cracks  or 
pimples  or  pustules.  In  some  forms  of  the  disease 
the  skin  is  dry  and  scaly  and  in  others  moist.  If 
neglected,  the  disease  tends  to  become  chronic. 
Eczema  most  frequently  appears  on  the  scalp  and 
face,  but  it  may  appear  upon  any  part  of  the  body. 

The  diseased  skin  should  receive  antiseptic  treat- 
ment. General  treatment  for  the  system  varies  in 
different  cases,  and  should  be  under  the  direction  of 
a physician.  Often  careful  attention  to  the  diet 
and  other  habits  results  in  a cure.  Tonics  and 
laxatives  are  prescribed,  inasmuch  as  the  disease  is 
caused  by  digestive  or  nervous  disorders. 

EMBOLISM 

A disease  in  which  the  flow  of  blood  in  a vessel 
is  checked  by  some  obstruction.  It  may  be  due  to 
a clot  of  blood  or  a tissue  thrown  off  which  has 
entered  the  blood  vessel,  as  a result  of  a tum.or,  in- 


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flammation  or  injury.  When  a blood  vessel  is  thus 
obstructed  it  may  cause  inflammation  or  gangrene, 
or,  if  the  blood  vessel  is  a large  artery,  sudden 
death  may  occur.  Obstructions  of  an  artery  in  the 
brain  are  one  of  the  causes  of  apoplexy.  A little  air 
entering  the  circulation  causes  embolism  and  sud- 
den death  may  thus  follow  a surgical  operation. 

The  patient  should  be  kept  quiet.  Otherwise, 
there  is  little  that  can  be  done  in  the  way  of  treat- 
ment for  embolism.  If  the  obstruction  is  in  a vein 
the  blood  may  find  its  way  through  other  veins. 
In  the  case  of  a large  artery,  an  amputation  may  be 
necessary  to  save  life;  but  this  may  be  unsuc- 
cessful. 

EPILEPSY 

A chronic  disease  of  the  brain,  manifesting  itself 
in  periodical  attacks  in  which  there  is  loss  of  con- 
sciousness and,  usually,  convulsions.  Epilepsy, 
strictly  speaking,  is  not  a disease  in  itself,  but  the 
symptom  of  diseased  conditions.  Epilepsy  may  be 
due  to  injury  to  the  brain,  to  the  excessive  use  of 
alcoholic  beverages,  or  to  a severe  fright,  but  is 
usually  hereditary.  The  disease  may  appear  at  any 
time  of  life,  most  frequently  during  childhood.  In 
a majority  of  the  hereditary  cases  the  cause  traces 
back  to  alcoholism. 

During  a severe  attack  of  epilepsy  the  patient 
cries  out  and  falls  unconscious.  The  head  is  bent 
back,  the  eyes  are  rolled  upward  and  the  face  is 
distorted,  becoming  blue,  owing  to  the  difficulty 
in  breathing,  and  the  body  becomes  rigid;  then 
violent  jerkings  of  the  muscles  occur.  There 
is  frothing  of  the  mouth,  followed  by  a gradual  re- 
laxation and  slowly  returning  consciousness.  The 


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attack  lasts  only  a few  minutes.  One  attack  is  not 
^dangerous.  Recurrent  attacks  are  likely  to  lead  to 
mental  weakness  and  insanity. 

Little  Can  Be  Done 

During  an  attack  of  epilepsy  all  that  can  be  done 
is  to  loosen  the  clothing,  place  a pillow  under  the 
patient’s  head  and  try  to  keep  him  from  injuring 
himself.  It  does  no  good  to  sprinkle  the  patient 
with  cold  water,  as  in  cases  of  fainting. 

The  only  drugs  that  have  an  established  value 
are  the  bromides.  The  treatment  should  always 
be  under  the  direction  of  a physician.  Of  all 
things,  never  submit  to  treatment  by  a quack 
doctor  or  use  so-called  remedies  that  are  advertised. 
The  use  of  alcohol  in  any  form  must  be  avoided.  A 
permanent  cure  requires  the  general  building  up  of 
the  system,  establishing  a good  degree  of  nutrition, 
and  improving  nervous  conditions.  Cold  baths  are 
helpful. 

ERYSIPELAS 

A skin  disease  accompanied  by  inflammation  and 
fever.  It  is  caused  by  germs  which  enter  the  body 
through  some  injured  part  of  the  skin  or  mem- 
branes. It  may  be  either  a large  wound  or  through 
one  so  small  as  not  to  have  been  noticed,  like  a 
scratch  or  prick  from  a needle.  Erysipelas  appears 
most  often  upon  the  face,  and  usually  starts  from 
some  injury  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  nose. 
The  first  symptoms  are  usually  a chill  and  general 
ill-feeling,  followed  in  a day  or  two  by  high  fever 
and  the  appearance  on  the  skin,  usually  about  the 
nose,  of  a bright,  red,  shiny  swelling,  which  is  hot 
and  painful. 


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It  spreads  more  or  less  rapidly,  always  preserving 
its  sharply  defined  area.  As  it  advances  the  swell- 
ing increases,  frequently  completely  closing  the 
eyes  and  frightfully  distorting  the  face.  There  is 
much  pain  and  intense  burning.  Vesicles  and  pus- 
tules usually  appear  on  the  inflamed  surface  and 
occasionally  abscesses  develop  beneath  it.  In  severe 
cases  delirium  often  occurs. 

The  duration  is  from  one  to  three  weeks,  the 
inflammation  spreading  and  subsiding  much  like 
forest  fires,  leaving  in  its  wake  a mass  of  dead  scales 
which  are  thrown  off  during  convalescence. 

Antiseptic  Treatment 

In  the  treatment  of  this  disease  the  greatest  care 
should  be  taken  against  spreading  infection.  The 
patient  should  not  touch  the  inflamed  area,  as  by 
scratching  he  might  easily  convey  the  disease  to 
other  portions  of  the  body.  The  affected  parts 
should  be  kept  covered  by  cool,  soothing  antiseptic 
dressings  which  are  destroyed  as  soon  as  removed. 
In  some  forms  of  the  disease  it  may  spread  over  the 
greater  part  of  the  body. 

Antiseptic  dressings  prescribed  include  the  fol- 
lowing: A solution  of  carbolic  acid,  one  part  to 
lOO  parts  water;  a solution  containing  sugar  of 
lead,  two  teaspoonfuls  laudanum,  and  water  one 
pint ; or  a saturated  solution  of  boracic  acid.  Cloths 
wet  with  the  solution  used  may  be  laid  upon  the 
inflamed  surface  and  more  of  the  solution  poured 
on  from  time  to  time.  If  carbolic  acid  is  used,  it 
should  be  in  the  form  of  a weak  solution,  otherwise, 
there  is  danger  of  poisoning  when  applied  to  large 
surfaces  of  the  skin.  If  symptoms  of  poisoning  ap- 
pear, the  application  should  be  at  once  removed. 

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diet  are  essential  until  the  skin  has  returned  to  its 
normal  condition.  As  soon  as  erysipelas  disap- 
pears the  patient  should  take  a series  of  hot  soap 
and  water  baths  and  have  a complete  change  of 
clothing  and  bedding.  He  should  be  moved  to  an- 
other room,  if  possible,  also,  while  the  room  he  has 
occupied  is  cleansed  and  disinfected. 

EYE  DISEASES 

The  eye  is  a hollow  globe  covered  with  several 
membranous  layers  and  filled  with  a transparent 
jellylike  substance.  It  is  situated  in  a bony  case, 
and  its  movements  are  controlled  by  a number  of 
pulleylike  muscles.  The  eye  may  be  likened  to  a 
camera.  The  cornea  is  a clear  oval  window  in  front 
admitting  the  light  rays  and  refracting  them  toward 
a focus.  The  iris  is  a colored  curtain  stretched 
across  the  space  just  back  of  the  cornea  and  con- 
tains an  opening  known  as  the  pupil. 

The  iris,  by  dilating  and  contracting,  enlarges  and 
diminishes  the  size  of  the  pupil  according  to  the 
amount  of  light  present  and  the  distance  from  the 
object  observed.  The  lens  is  a rather  soft  trans- 
parent structure  situated  back  of  the  iris,  and  com- 
pletes the  refraction  of  the  light  rays,  throwing  a 
reversed  image  of  the  object  upon  the  sensitive 
retina  at  the  back  of  the  eye,  just  as  the  lens  of  the 
camera  does  upon  the  photographic  plate.  The  pic- 
ture is  then  carried  to  the  brains  by  the  optic  nerve, 
five  branches  of  which  spread  out  over  the  retina. 

The  nearer  and  smaller  the  object  the  more  ob- 
liquely the  rays  strike  the  cornea,  and,  therefore, 
the  more  they  have  to  be  refracted  by  the  lens  to 
bring  the  picture  closely  upon  the  retina.  This  is 
done  by  the  action  of  the  ciliary  muscle,  which  en- 


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circles  the  eyeball  opposite  the  lens.  This  muscle, 
by  contracting,  increases  the  convexity  of  the  lens 
and  so  increases  its  refractive  power. 

Farsightedness  and  Shortsightedness 

In  a farsighted  person  the  eyeball  is  too  short, 
so  that  the  image  naturally  falls  back  of  the  retina 
and  to  see  nearby  objects  it  is  necessary  to  keep  the 
ciliary  muscle  in  constant  contraction.  This  con- 
stant spasm  of  the  muscle  produces  headaches  and 
other  discomforts,  and  is  remedied  by  placing  a 
proper  convex  glass  in  front  of  the  eye  to  add  the 
necessary  refraction. 


In  shortsighted  persons  the  eyeball  is  too  long, 
and  a distant  object  falls  in  front  of  the  retina  so 
that  a concave  glass  placed  in  front  of  the  eye 
remedies  the  difficulty. 


Sectional  View  of  the  Eye 


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Astigmatism 

Astigmatism  is  a condition  of  the  eye  in  which 
the  surface  of  the  cornea  or  lens  is  curved  more  in 
one  direction  than  another,  so  that  the  rays  of  light 
are  refracted  unevenly  and  do  not  focus  at  the 
same  distance,  causing  excessive  strain  upon  the 
eyes  and  often  blurred  vision.  This  condition  is 
remedied  by  a complex  glass  made  to  overcome  the 
irregularity. 

These  three  abnormalities  of  the  eye  and  their 
combinations  form  the  principal  causes  of  eye 
strain,  and  one  troubled  with  indistinct  vision  or 
subject  to  headaches  or  eyeaches  after  using  the 
eyes  should  consult  an  oculist. 

The  eyes  are  very  sensitive,  and  a little  injury 
and  a slight  infection  may  lead  to  serious  discom- 
fort, impairment  of  sight  or  blindness. 

Conjunctivitis 

Among  the  external  disorders  that  affect  the  eye 
is  inflammation  of  the  conjunctiva  mucous  mem- 
brane that  lines  the  eyelid.  It  may  be  a simple 
catarrhal  inflammation  or  virulent  suppurating  in- 
flammation, most  common  in  new-born  infants;  or 
the  serious  granular  process  that  is  called  trachoma. 

The  catarrhal  inflammation,  or  simple  conjunc- 
tivitis, usually  arises  from  irritation  of  dust,  chem- 
ical vapors,  or  eye  strain.  It  frequently  accom- 
panies nasal  catarrh  or  follows  scarlet  fever, 
measles  and  smallpox.  There  is  increased  flow  of 
mucus  and  tears,  reddening  of  the  eyelids,  and  later 
pus  may  appear  and  the  lids  are  stuck  together 
mornings. 

The  treatment  includes  avoidance  of  aggravat- 


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162 

ing  causes,  cleanliness  and  instillation  of  boracic 
acid  solution. 

In  the  New-Born 

Purulent  conjunctivitis  in  the  new-born  is  the 
result  of  infection  from  gonorrhea  or  some  poison- 
ous discharge  of  the  mother,  communicated  at 
birth.  If  neglected  the  disease  may  develop  in  a 
few  days  so  as  to  affect  the  cornea  or  transparent 
part  of  the  eyeball  and  cause  blindness.  The  treat- 
ment is  cleanliness,  cold  compresses  and  the  use 
of  antiseptics  under  a doctor’s  direction.  Great 
care  should  be  taken  if  only  one  eye  is  affected  to 
protect  the  other  from  infection.  At  birth  a child’s 
eyes  should  be  carefully  cleansed  immediately,  and 
a few  drops  of  a i per  cent  solution  of  nitrate  of 
silver  in  the  eyes  may  prevent  infection. 

Trachoma 

Trachoma  is  a form  of  purulent  conjunctivitis  that 
produces  an  infectious  discharge  and  is  of  a chronic 
nature.  The  membranes  of  the  lid  are  red,  thick- 
ened and  undergo  granular  roughening.  It  is  likely 
to  result  in  a diseased  condition  of  the  eyeball  and 
finally  blindness.  Trachoma  is  a very  infectious 
and  stubborn  disease  and  should  only  receive 
thorough  treatment  at  the  hands  of  a physician. 

Inflammation  of  the  Cornea 

The  cornea,  which  is  a transparent  outer  coat  at 
the  front  of  the  eyeball,  may  suffer  from  various 
forms  of  inflammation.  Its  nervous  structure  ren- 
ders it  very  sensitive  to  light  when  inflamed.  Seri- 


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ous  inflammation  of  the  cornea  often  follows  in- 
juries of  the  eye.  A form  of  vesicular  or  pustular 
inflammation  of  the  cornea  appears  frequently  in 
children,  due  to  improper  nourishment  and  bad 
hygienic  surroundings,  and  may  follow  certain  dis- 
eases, as  measles,  scarlet  fever,  whooping  cough  and 
typhoid  fever.  Syphilis  may  cause  a more  serious 
internal  inflammation  of  the  cornea. 

The  general  nutrition  should  be  improved  and  the 
eyes  should  be  protected  from  light  by  dark  glasses. 
Pain  may  be  relieved  by  hot  applications.  Treat- 
ment should  be  directed  by  a physician,  preferably 
a specialist  in  eye  diseases. 

Ulcers  of  the  cornea  may  follow  injuries.  Pro- 
tection from  light,  hot  applications  and  skillful  an- 
tiseptic treatment  are  required.  Abscess  of  the 
cornea  is  a form  of  inflammation  attended  by  sup- 
puration. Usually  it  follows  some  injury.  The 
treatment  should  include  good  food,  good  air,  hot 
applications,  perhaps  puncture  of  the  abscess,  and 
such  remedies  as  a physician  may  find  advisable. 
All  such  diseases  threaten  the  sight,  and  may  ren- 
der necessary  the  removal  of  the  eye. 


Scleritis 

The  sclera,  the  white  coat  surrounding  the  entire 
eyeball  except  the  cornea  area,  is  subject  to  inflam- 
mation, due  often  to  uterine  disorder  in  women,  or 
rheumatic  and  gouty  conditions  in  men,  or  perhaps 
to  malaria  or  syphilitic  taint.  There  is  congestion 
appearing  in  the  form  of  a dusky  crescent  on  the 
outer  side  of  the  cornea,  or  purplish  spots  upon  the 
whites  of  the  eyes,  dull  pain  and  fatigue  of  the 
eyes.  The  cause  should  be  removed  if  possible. 


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Iritis 

Iritis  is  an  inflammation  of  the  iris,  the  colored 
curtain  lying  between  the  cornea  and  the  lens.  It 
may  be  due  to  injury,  syphilis,  rheumatism  or  fol- 
low other  infectious  diseases.  It  comes  on  gradu- 
ally with  neuralgic  pain  through  the  eye,  forehead 
and  temples,  and  is  worse  at  night.  The  eyeball  is 
inflamed.  The  iris  is  cloudy  and  the  pupil  is  small, 
irregular  and  sluggish.  It  is  a serious  disease  and 
should  not  be  mistaken  for  the  milder  and  more 
superficial  inflammations. 

The  patient  should  remain  in  bed  with  dry  heat 
constantly  applied  to  the  head,  and  the  pupils  should 
be  kept  dilated  with  i per  cent  atropine.  The  med- 
ical treatment  depends  upon  the  cause. 

Glaucoma 

Glaucoma  is  a disease  which  somewhat  resembles 
iritis,  but  should  never  be  mistaken  for  it,  as  the 
treatment  is  exactly  opposite  to  that  for  iritis.  It 
occurs  in  people  past  middle  life.  It  usually  has  a 
period  of  several  months  preceding  the  attack,  in 
which  there  is  rapidly  failing  vision  and  a rainbow 
of  colors  is  seen  around  a light.  The  onset  usually 
appears  suddenly,  during  the  night,  with  severe 
pain  in  the  eye  and  head,  accompanied  with  fever, 
vomiting  and  prostration.  Like  iritis,  the  eye  is 
inflamed  and  discolored  and  the  pupil  sluggish,  but, 
unlike  iritis,  the  pupil  is  dilated  and  the  eyeball 
hard.  This  is  a very  rapid  and  dangerous  disease 
and  if  not  promptly  treated  leads  to  blindness. 

The  treatment  of  glaucoma,  instead  of  dilating  the 
pupil  as  in  iritis,  should  be  to  contract  it  by  drop- 
ping in  the  eye  a solution  of  eserine,  a grain  to  the 


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ounce.  This  draws  the  iris  away  from  the  eyeball 
and  permits  drainage,  relieving  the  tension. 

Cataract 

Cataract  is  not,  as  many  people  suppose,  a mem- 
brane which  grows  over  the  cornea,  but  is  a cloudi- 
ness of  the  lens.  It  occurs  most  frequently  in  the 
elderly,  due  to  long-continued  eye  strain,  diseases 
which  have  impaired  the  general  vitality  or  to  the 
resulting  changes  of  old  age.  Cataract  appears 
slowly  and  the  symptoms  are  those  of  gradually 
failing  vision,  sight  being  more  distinct  just  at 
dusk  for  a time,  the  lens  becoming  harder  and  more 
opaque. 

The  treatment  consists  in  waiting  until  the  lens 
has  sufficiently  hardened  and  then  removing  it  by 
operation.  After  healing  has  taken  place,  a strong 
convex  glass  is  used  to  take  the  place  of  the  lens 
removed. 

The  inner  membrane  of  the  eye  or  retina,  the 
transparent  vitreous  body  in  the  interior,  the  mus- 
cles controlling  the  eye,  and  the  optic  nerve,  are  all 
subject  to  diseased  conditions  too  numerous  to 
describe  here.  Such  conditions  may  be  indicated 
by  impaired  vision  attended  by  pain,  may  lead  to 
blindness,  and  require  skillful  medical  treatment. 

Sympathetic  Relations 

It  is  well  to  remember  that  the  sympathetic  rela- 
tion between  the  eyes  may  lead  to  the  communica- 
tion of  disease  from  one  eye  to  the  other.  Great 
care  should  be  taken  to  prevent  this.  There  is  a 
sympathetic  nervous  relation  between  the  eyes  and 
other  parts  of  the  body,  notably  the  brain,  spinal 
cord,  kidneys  and  stomach. 


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Warnings 

Eye  strain,  or  other  abuse  of  the  eyes,  is  likely 
to  lead  to  seriously  impaired  vision.  Impaired 
vision  results  from  a great  many  causes,  and  a 
remedy  through  medical  treatment  or  properly 
fitted  glasses  should  be  sought  early,  by  consult- 
ing an  oculist.  Delay  is  dangerous.  Avoid  quack 
eye  doctors,  spectacle  peddlers  and  the  use  of  eye 
washes  not  prescribed  by  a reputable  oculist  or 
physician. 

FAINTING 

This  is  a loss  of  consciousness  which  comes  on  sud- 
denly, caused  by  a decrease  in  the  amount  of  blood 
supplied  to  the  brain.  It  may  be  due  to  a great  loss 
of  blood  from  the  body,  violent  pains,  strong  emo- 
tion, physical  exertion  or  staying  in  an  overheated 
or  crowded  room.  The  first  symptoms  are  pale- 
ness, dizziness  and  ringing  in  the  ears,  objects  ap- 
pear to  revolve  around  the  patient.  There  is  cold 
perspiration  and  sudden  collapse,  breathing  and 
heart  action  become  weak.  This  condition  may  last 
only  a few  seconds  or  several  minutes. 

The  patient  should  be  laid  flat,  with  head  low, 
and  any  tight  garments  loosened  and  a little  cold 
water  dashed  upon  the  face.  Plenty  of  fresh  air 
should  be  allowed.  Smelling  salts  or  cologne  ap- 
plied to  the  nostrils  help  to  revive  the  patient.  As 
soon  as  one  can  swallow  he  may  be  given  a little 
light  stimulant. 

FELON 

An  abscess  usually  on  or  near  the  end  of  a finger. 
It  is  caused  by  bacteria  which  gain  access  through 


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a slight  injury.  The  abscesses  form  about  the 
sheath  of  a tendon,  or  in  the  membrane  surround- 
ing the  bone.  A felon  is  always  very  painful,  be- 
cause of  the  rigidity  of  the  tissues  involved,  and 
there  is  a considerable  degree  of  heat  and  swelling. 
The  treatment  should  consist  of  early  and  free 
lancing,  and  it  is  necessary  to  cut  to  the  bone;  in 
some  cases,  scraping  of  the  bone  is  necessary — 
otherwise,  the  treatment  is  similar  to  that  for  boils. 

FLATFOOT 

This  is  an  inward  rotation  of  the  arch  of  the  foot, 
so  that  the  weight  of  the  body  rests  too  much  upon 
the  inner  side  of  the  foot.  The  principal  cause  is 
the  wearing  of  ill-fitting  and  improper-shaped 
shoes.  The  treatment  consists  in  restoration  of  the 
foot  to  its  former  condition  by  proper  exercises. 
Sometimes  special  shoes  or  arch  steel  springs  for 
the  sole  of  the  shoe  are  worn,  but  this  should  al- 
ways be  under  the  direction  of  a physician. 

FREEZING 

The  rule  to  follow  in  reviving  a person  who  has 
been  partly  frozen  is  to  induce  warmth  very  slowly. 
The  patient  should  be  treated  in  a cold  room.  After 
removing  the  clothing,  the  frozen  parts  should  be 
rubbed  with  snow  or  cold,  wet  cloths,  or  may  be 
placed  in  cold  water.  The  temperature  of  the  bath 
or  water  applied  should  gradually  be  raised  to  86 
degrees  in  the  course  of  two  or  three  hours. 

After  the  limbs  have  become  more  easily  mov- 
able, artificial  respiration  should  be  resorted  to  if 
necessary.  When  the  patient  breathes  naturally, 
he  should  be  placed  in  an  unheated  bed  and  cov- 


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ered  with  blankets.  The  room  should  then  be  heated 
to  a moderate  degree  of  warmth.  As  soon  as  the 
patient  is  able  to  swallow  he  should  be  given 
stimulants. 

GASTRITIS 

This  is  a catarrhal  inflammation  of  the  stomach 
usually  caused  by  indiscretion  in  eating,  or  the  ex- 
cessive use  of  alcoholic  beverages.  There  is  loss  of 
appetite,  nausea,  thirst,  coated  tongue,  vomiting  and 
pains  in  the  stomach.  The  surface  of  the  body  over 
the  stomach  is  sensitive  to  pressure  and  there  is 
usually  constipation. 

The  treatment  should  first  be  a clearing  out  of 
the  digestive  tract,  after  which  the  diet  should  con- 
sist only  of  fluids.  It  is  often  best  to  abstain,  for  a 
time,  from  both  eating  and  drinking.  Thirst  and 
nausea  may  be  remedied  by  swallowing  small  pieces 
of  ice.  Apply  to  the  region  of  the  stomach  hot  poul- 
tices, or  a mustard  plaster,  which  may  remain  until 
the  skin  becomes  red. 

In  chronic  cases  of  gastritis,  it  may  be  necessary 
to  restrict  the  diet  to  milk  chiefly  for  several  weeks 
in  order  to  guard  against  as  well  as  cure.  Any  at- 
tack of  the  disease  should  be  followed  by  a simple 
but  nutritious  diet. 

GERMAN  MEASLES 

An  eruptive  disease  of  childhood,  sometimes  mis- 
taken for  measles,  but  not  related  to  it.  Neither 
establishes  immunity  against  the  other.  The  dis- 
ease is  contagious  and  often  epidemic.  It  is  often 
of  so  mild  a nature  that  the  only  symptoms  notice- 
able are  the  eruption  and  a swelling  of  the  glands 


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of  the  neck  under  the  ears.  This  swelling  of  the 
glands  is  one  of  the  symptoms  by  which  it  may  be 
distinguished  from  measles.  The  eruption  also 
differs  in  that  it  appears  first  on  the  face,  while  that 
of  measles  appears  upon  the  forehead  before  the 
skin  of  the  face  is  affected.  In  German  measles, 
also,  the  spots  are  paler  red,  average  larger  and.  are 
separate,  while  in  measles  they  tend  to  run  together 
in  patches. 

The  eruption  spreads  rapidly  over  the  body,  and 
fades  away,  often  all  within  24  to  48  hours.  In  the 
more  severe  cases  a slight  cold  in  the  head,  cough, 
and  sensitiveness  of  the  eyes  to  light  are  symptoms 
of  the  disease  that  develop  before  the  eruption  ap- 
pears. Unless  fever  develops,  which  is  unusual, 
the  disease  requires  very  little  attention,  except  to 
keep  the  patient  separated  from  others  to  prevent 
spreading  contagion. 

GOITRE 

Simple  goitre  is  an  enlargement  of  the  thyroid 
^gland,  which  is  located  in  the  front  of  the  throat 
just  below  the  larynx.  It  is  supposed  to  be  due 
largely  to  some  peculiarity  of  the  drinking  water. 
Aside  from  the  unsightliness  and  inconvenience  of 
the  swelling,  it  may  interfere  with  the  breathing 
by  pressure  on  the  windpipe.  If  an  excessive  swell- 
ing occurs,  removal  of  the  thyroid  gland  by  surgical 
operation  is  advisable.  Medical  treatment  should 
be  followed  only  under  the  direction  of  a physician. 
Some  form  of  iodine  is  usually  prescribed. 

Grave’s  Disease 

Exophthalmic  goitre  or  Grave’s  disease  is  an  af- 
fection probably  of  nervous  origin,  characterized 


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by  a very  rapid  heart  action,  prominence  of  the  eye- 
balls and  enlargement  of  the  thyroid  gland.  It  may 
come  on  suddenly,  following  some  violent  emotion, 
as  passion,  fear  or  grief,  but  usually  develops  slowly, 
the  first  symptoms  noticed  being  nervousness  and 
palpitation  of  the  heart.  Protrusion  of  the  eyeballs 
soon  follows,  often  so  great  that  the  patient  is  un- 
able to  close  the  lids.  The  heart  action  becomes 
extremely  rapid  and  irritable,  and  with  these  symp- 
toms a goitre  usually  appears,  gradually  enlarging 
in  size.  As  the  disease  progresses  the  patient  loses 
flesh,  becomes  anaemic,  and  a severe  turn  of  nervous 
symptoms  develops. 

The  general  treatment  consists  of  rest  and  free- 
dom from  worry  and  excitement  and  the  adminis- 
tration of  certain  heart  and  constitutional  remedies. 
An  operation  for  the  removal  of  the  gland  should  be 
performed  when  it  produces  pressure  upon  the 
laryngeal  nerve,  interfering  with  speech,  or  upon 
the  large  blood  vessels  of  the  neck,  obstructing  cir- 
culation, or,  when  the  growth  of  the  gland  is  very 
rapid  and  the  heart  and  nervous  symptoms  severe. 

GOUT 

Gout  is  a constitutional  disease  in  which  there  is 
too  much  uric  acid  in  the  system.  There  is  some- 
thing wrong  in  the  processes  of  transforming  the 
nutritious  elements  of  the  food  into  body  tissues,  so 
that  this,  poison,  uric  acid,  collects  in  the  blood  and 
forms  deposits  about  the  joints,  resulting  in  in- 
flammation. This  condition  is  sometimes  hereditary, 
but  is  due  largely  to  lack  of  exercise,  overeating, 
particularly  rich  food,  and  excessive  use  of  alcoholic 
drinks.  Two  forms  of  the  disease  occur — acute 
and  chronic. 

Acute  gout  begins  with  intense  pains  in  the 


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joints,  usually  in  the  great  toe,  which  is  hot  and 
swollen,  and  there  is  continued  pain  and  fever.  The 
patient  is  irritable  and  suffers  frequent  sudden 
pains  and  twitching  of  the  muscles  about  the  joints. 
Urine  is  scanty,  high  colored  and  contains  a red- 
dish deposit. 

Chronic  gout  often  follows  the  acute  attacks  with 
the  other  joints  of  the  hands,  and  feet  involved.  The 
chalky  deposits  slowly  increase  and  deformities  de- 
velop until  the  use  of  the  members  affected  are  very 
much  impaired.  Finally,  death  may  result  from 
inflammation  of  the  vital  organs,  including  either 
the  stomach,  liver  or  heart,  perhaps. 

Diet  and  Habits 

The  treatment  of  gout  involves,  first  of  all,  a 
thorough  regulation  of  the  diet  and  habits.  The 
patient  should  have  plenty  of  outdoor  exercise  and 
a light  diet,  consisting  principally  of  fruits,  veg- 
etables, milk  and  butter.  He  should  avoid  beef, 
veal,  mutton,  pork  and  alcoholic  drinks.  Plenty  of 
fresh  water  should  be  used  both  internally  and  ex- 
ternally. 

During  an  attack  of  acute,  gout  the  patient  should 
be  put  to  bed,  be  limited  to  liquid  diet,  and  alkaline 
drinks  should  be  freely  administered.  The  diges- 
tive organs  should  be  kept  regular.  The  limb  af- 
fected by  the  gout  should  be  kept  raised,  and  ban- 
daged so  as  to  keep  it  warm. 

Colchicum  is  the  best  remedy.  This  should  be 
given  under  the  direction  of  a physician. 

HAY  FEVER 

A catarrhal  disease  of  the  mucous  membranes  of 
the  nose,  throat  and  eyes.  It  manifests  itself  about 


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once  a year,  at  the  same  season,  with  the  same  per- 
son, usually  in  midsummer.  It  appears  to  be 
caused,  in  part,  by  the  pollen  of  certain  plants,  the 
disease  appearing  only  at  the  time  when  those 
plants  are  in  blossom.  It  is  supposed  that  the 
pollen  enters  the  air  passages  and  that  certain  oils 
characteristic  of  the  pollen  or  parasites  borne  by  it 
cause  irritation  of  the  mucous  membranes.  The 
symptoms  are  those  of  an  acute  cold  in  the  head, 
with  sneezing,  watery  discharge  from  the  eyes  and 
nose,  itching  and  stuflfed-up  feeling  in  the  nose  and 
slight  fever.  Pains  sometimes  occur  in  the  front 
and  back  of  the  head,  while  attacks  of  asthma  are 
common.  The  trouble  usually  lasts  several  weeks 
and  no  permanent  illness  develops. 

There  is  no  sure  cure  for  hay  fever  that  has  yet 
been  found.  It  is  sometimes  relieved  by  spraying 
the  nose  with  antiseptics  or  certain  astringents.  As 
a means  of  prevention,  those  who  suffer  from  the 
disease  find  it  desirable  to  go  to  localities  free  from 
hay  fever  when  the  time  comes  that  they  are  likely 
to  suffer  from  it.  High  altitudes  in  mountain 
regions  are  sought  because  there  the  plants  whose 
pollen  causes  the  trouble  do  not  exist. 

HEADACHE 

Headache  is  a symptom  of  many  disorders.  The 
proper  treatment  for  permanent  relief  is  treatment 
for  the  disorder  that  causes  it.  One  of  the  most 
frequent  causes  is  constipation,  and  in  this  case  the 
right  sort  of  diet  is  to  be  recommended  rather  than 
medicine.  Another  frequent  cause  is  indigestion, 
and  it  is  the  stomach  that  needs  attention.  Eye- 
strain  is  a common  cause,  the  pain  usually  coming 
along  after  steady  use  of  the  eyes.  The  only 


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remedy  is  properly  fitted  glasses.  In  women,  uterine 
troubles  are  often  the  cause  of  severe  headaches. 
Headache  may  also  be  due  to  diseases  of  the  nose 
or  ear,  various  nervous  conditions,  exposure  to  the 
sun’s  rays,  hunger  and  exhaustion. 

Anyone  subject  to  frequent  or  periodical  head- 
aches should  have  a careful  examination  made  to 
locate  the  cause,  and  take  proper  treatment  for  its 
removal.  Avoidance  of  stimulants,  regulation  of 
life,  plenty  of  fresh  air  and  exercise,  are  essential 
elements.  For  the  relief  of  an  attack  of  headache, 
rest  in  a darkened  room,  with  cold  applications  to 
the  head  and  hot  water  bag  at  the  feet  and  the 
emptying  of  the  digestive  tract,  are  of  service. 

Use  of  so-called  headache  powders  is  a foolish 
practice.  They  contain  poisonous  drugs  which  may 
cause  fatal  diseases  of  the  heart  or  nervous  system. 
They  may  afford  temporary  relief,  but  they  do  not 
cure  the  disease  which  causes  the  headache. 

HEART  DISEASES 

The  heart  may  be  involved  in  a variety  of  dis- 
eases affecting  the  muscular  walls  or  the  valves, 
or  the  nerves  that  regulate  the  character  of  its  beat- 
ing. The  muscular  walls  may  be  affected  by  over- 
exertion, alcohol  or  poison  from  infectious  diseases. 
Nervous  trouble  of  the  heart  may  be  caused  by 
indigestion,  coffee  or  tobaccD,  worry  or  overwork. 
Diseases  of  the  valves  of  the  heart  may  be  due  to 
some  defect  in  their  formation  at  birtb  or  to  poison 
in  the  blood  from  various  diseases,  notably  rheu- 
matism. The  valves  may,  by  thickening  or  shrinking, 
fail  to  close  properly,  or  the  opening  may  stretch 
or  become  closed,  which  seriously  affects  the  cir- 
culation, and,  secondarily,  the  walls  of  the  heart. 


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Heart  diseases  may  be  prevented  by  careful  ob- 
servances of  the  general  rules  of  health.  Over- 
exertion should  be  avoided,  especially  when  one  is 
in  a weakened  condition.  One  suffering  from  heart 
disease  should  avoid  excessive  physical  exertion, 
mental  worry  and  the  excessive  use  of  stimulants. 
Plenty  of  sleep,  rest  and  moderate  exercise,  fresh 
air,  with  deep  breathing,  help  to  improve  the  cir- 
culation in  this  instance,  restoring  the  heart  to  a 
normal  condition.  Extremes  of  heat  and  cold 
should  be  avoided  and  it  is  important  that  the  diges- 
tive organs  are  kept  healthy  and  regular. 


Angina  Pectoris 

Angina  pectoris-  is  a serious  heart  disease,  caused 
usually  by  a hardening  and  narrowing  of  the 
arteries  that  supply  the  walls  of  the  heart  with 
blood.  It  occurs  in  those  past  middle  life.  The 
attack  begins  suddenly,  occasioned  usually  by  some 
excitement  or  exertion.  There  is  severe  pain  and 
sense  of  constriction  in  the  region  of  the  heart. 
The  victim  grasps  at  something  for  support,  the 
face  is  pale  and  drawn  with  anguish,  the  whole 
body  is  covered  with  cold  perspiration  and  respira- 
tions are  absent  or  impaired.  The  pain  extends 
from  the  heart  region  to  the  left  shoulder,  back, 
neck  and  down  the  arms  to  the  lingers.  The  par- 
oxysms last  from  a few  seconds  to  several  minutes, 
and  are  often  followed  by  vomiting. 

The  treatment  for  the  attack  should  be  for  the 
purpose  of  dilating  the  arteries.  Inhaling  the  fumes 
of  nitrate  of  amyl  has  a quick,  relaxing  effect  upon 
the  blood  vessels.  Anyone  who  has  had  an  attack 
of  angina  pectoris  should  avoid  exertion  and  always 


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carry  with  him  a little  glass  of  capsules  each  con- 
taining five  drops  of  amyl  nitrate,  and  the  instant 
the  pain  begins  he  should  crush  one  of  these  in 
his  handkerchief  and  inhale  the  fumes.  Sometimes 
inhaling  ether  or  chloroform,  or  a hypodermic  in- 
jection of  morphine,  gives  relief. 

Angina  pectoris,  especially,  and  any  other  kind  of 
heart  disease,  for  that  matter,  should  be  treated  by 
a physician  without  delay. 

HEAT  PROSTRATION 

This  is  due  to  a long  exposure  to  high  tempera- 
ture. It  occurs  most  frequently  in  those  who  are 
not  in  good  physical  condition.  It  usually  comes 
on  gradually  with  headache,  faintness,  nausea,  cold 
perspiration  and  great  exhaustion.  There  is  a 
sighing  respiration  and  rapid,  feeble  pulse.  Some- 
times there  is  a moderate  elevation  of  temperature, 
but  usually  the  surface  is  cold  and  pallid  and  the 
temperature  is  subnormal  and  frequently  uncon- 
sciousness ensues. 

Treatment  in  a mild  form  is  rest  and  a gradual 
cooling  of  the  body  and  mild  stimulation.  In  the 
more  severe  forms  where  there  is  a great  coldness 
of  the  surface  the  patient  should  be  placed  in  a hot 
bath,  rubbed  briskly  and  stimulated  freely.  Per- 
fect rest  should  follow  an  attack  for  a considerable 
period  of  time. 

Sunstroke 

Heat  or  sunstroke  occur  from  the  same  cause,  but 
chiefly  from^  exposure  to  intense  heat  of  the  sun 
while  undergoing  severe  physical  exertion.  This  is 
a much  more  serious  condition,  and  is  accompanied 


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by  a very  high  temperature.  It  may  come  on  sud- 
denly, the  victim  dropping  unconscious,  or  may 
begin  with  severe  pain  in  the  head,  dizziness, 
nausea,  vomiting  and  sensation  of  great  heat  and 
distress,  unconsciousness  developing  slowly.  The 
face  is  flushed,  the  eyes  bloodshot  and  the  skin 
intensely  hot ; convulsions  and  delirium  may  ensue. 

Every  effort  should  be  made  to  reduce  the  tem- 
perature. This  may  be  done  by  means  of  a cold 
pack  and  cold  bath,  with  an  ice  bag  to  the  head,  and 
a hot  stimulant  should  be  administered.  Aromatic 
spirits  of  ammonia  are  sometimes  used  for  this  pur- 
pose. Care  should  be  taken  not  to  continue  the 
applications  after  the  temperature  is  sufficiently  re- 
duced. One  attack  always  predisposes  to  another, 
so  that  care  should  be  taken  to  avoid  unnecessary 
exposure. 


HERNIA 

Hernia  is  a descent  of  a portion  of  the  abdominal 
contents,  usually  a loop  of  the  intestine,  through 
some  natural  or  artificial  opening  in  the  abdominal 
wall.  Hernia  may  be  present  at  birth  or  come  on 
later  in  life,  occurring  usually  in  connection  with 
some  sudden  strain  which  forces  the  abdominal 
organ  involved  through  the  opening.  The  most 
common  location  of  hernia  is  in  the  groin,  where  it 
pushes  its  way  through  the  natural  canal  for  the 
spermatic  cord,  or  alongside  of  the  large  blood  ves- 
sels as  they  descend  through  the  abdomen  into  the 
leg. 

The  greatest  danger  from  hernia  is  the  possibility 
that  the  bowels  may  become  caught  in  the  opening 
and  cannot  be  returned.  If  it  is  not  soon  replaced 
by.  manipulation  or  operation,  death  results  in  a 


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few  days.  Well-fitting  trusses  may  be  worn  to 
retain  the  hernia  within  the  abdomen,  but  the  only 
safe  and  sure  treatment  is  an  operation. 

HICCOUGH 

This  is  a spasmodic  contraction  of  the  diaphragm 
— a large  muscle  which  separates  the  chest  from 
that  of  the  abdomen — and  by  movements  of  which 
the  air  is  drawn  in  and  forced  out  of  the  lungs. 
The  usual  cause  of  hiccough  is  indigestion.  It  may 
also  be  caused  by  hysteria,  fever  or  diseases  of  the 
brain.  It  is  usually  a slight  disorder,  and  may  be 
remedied  by  holding  the  breath  until  the  spasmodic 
action  of  the  diaphragm  ceases.  A glass  of  hot 
water  or  a little  bicarbonate  of  soda  often  gives 
relief.  A bandage  tightly  bound  around  the 
abdomen  often  stops  hiccough  in  small  children.  If 
the  trouble  is  too  serious  a physician  should  be 
summoned. 

HIVES 

Hives  is  an  affection  characterized  by  the  sud- 
den appearance  of  a number  of  whitish,  pinkish  or 
reddish  elevations  upon  the  skin.  These  elevations 
resemble  bee  stings  or  insect  bites  and  are  attended 
with  much  itching  and  stinging.  The  trouble 
usually  lasts  only  a few  days.  The  cause  is  usually 
some  intestinal  poisoning,  in  many  cases  due  to  eat- 
ing food  difficult  to  digest.  Strawberries  and  shell- 
fish sometimes  cause  it. 

If  the  cause  is  known,  as  in  the  case  of  certain 
foods,  they  should  be  avoided.  Relief  can  be  ob- 
tained  by  bathing  with  a solution  of  baking  soda 
or  boracic  acid.  Vinegar  or  spirits  of  peppermint 


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may  afford  relief.  If  due  to  digestive  disturbance, 
a mixture  of  rhubarb  and  soda,  or  a dose  of  salts 
ma}^  be  taken. 

HOARSENESS 

Hoarseness  is  caused  by  catarrhal  inflammation 
of  the  larynx.  It  may  be  relieved  by  dissolving 
hoarhound  candy  in  the  mouth ; or  the  white  of  an 
egg,  well  beaten,  to  which  has  been  added  the  juice 
of  one  lemon  and  sugar,  is  recommended,  a tea- 
spoonful being  taken  at  a time. 

HOOK  WORM  DISEASE 

This  disease  is  confined  to  warm  climates.  It  is 
due  to  the  presence  in  the  intestines  of  a thread- 
like worm  which  sucks  the  blood  from  the  mucous 
lining  and  at  the  same  time  injects  a virus  which 
prevents  the  coagulation  of  the  blood.  When  ex- 
isting in  large  numbers  in  an  individual  they  pro- 
duce a chronic  inflammation  of  the  intestines,  caus- 
ing diarrhea,  hemorrhage  and  profound  anaemia. 

The  eggs  of  this  worm  pass  out  in  the  excreta 
and  where  the  hygienic  surroundings  are  bad,  as 
among  the  poor  of  the  southern  states,  they  soon 
hatch  out  in  the  soil  into  minute  embryo,  which 
easily  pass  through  the  bare  skin  of  the  hands  and 
feet  of  those  coming  in  contact  with  them.  Pass- 
ing into  the  circulation,  they  are  carried  through  the 
heart  to  the  lungs ; thence  up  the  trachea  and  down 
the  oesophagus  to  the  stomach,  and  finally  into  the 
intestines,  where  they  develop  into  mature  worms. 

The  symptoms  depend  largely  upon  the  number 
of  worms  inhabiting  the  individual  and  are  much 
less  marked  in  negroes  than  whites.  There  is 


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weakness,  anaemia,  emaciation,  apathy  and  craving 
for  dirt  and  other  indigestible  substances.  Preven- 
tion is  wholly  sanitary,  consisting  of  a proper  dis- 
posal of  the  excreta. 

The  treatment  is  thymol,  the  dose  taken  in  the 
morning  on  an  empty  stomach.  This  stupefies  the 
worms  and  a dose  of  epsom  salts  taken  two  hours 
later  clears  them  out. 

A Plague  of  the  South 

This  disease  has  recently  been  made  a subject  of 
special  study  by  the  government  and  medical  re- 
search societies,  but  not  until  recent  years  has  it 
been  known  that  the  disease  was.  very  prevalent  in 
the  southern  states.  The  hook  worm  disease  was 
formerly  regarded  as  restricted  to  miners.  It  has 
been  learned  that  a very  large  percentage  of  the 
so-called  poor  whites  of  the  South  and  most  of  the 
lower  class  of  negroes  in  that  part  of  the  country 
have  the  disease. 

Often  whole  families,  are  infected,  where  they 
live  in  unhealthful  suroundings.  Negroes  are  said 
to  be  much  more  susceptible  to  the  disease  than 
whites,  but  usually  suffer  less  from  it,  so  that  the 
symptoms  are  less  marked  in  negroes  than  in  whites, 
as  stated  above.  It  is  believed  that  much  of  the 
shiftlessness  and  lack  of  ambition  among  the  poorer 
people  of  the  South  may  be  attributed  to  this  dis- 
ease. 

HYDROPHOBIA 

This  disease,  known  as  rabies,  is  infectious  and  is 
communicated  through  the  saliva  or  blood  of 
animals  suffering  from  the  disease.  It  is  usually.. 


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communicated  by  dogs.  The  first  positive  symp- 
tom of  the  disease  may  appear  at  any  time  between 
six  days  and  eleven  months  after  infection.  There 
is  first  a feeling  of  choking  in  the  throat  and  dif- 
ficulty in  swallowing.  As  the  disease  progresses, 
swallowing  becomes  more  difficult  and  finally  im- 
possible, with  painful  spasms  in  the  back  of  the 
throat  and  a sensation  of  great  suffering  there  at 
the  very  sight  of  liquids.  Breathing  is  painful,  and 
there  is  feeling  of  suffocation.  There  is  a constant 
flow  of  saliva  and  sticky  mucus  from  the  mouth  and 
throat.  There  are  usually  convulsions,  although 
the  mental  faculties  are  unusually  clear  until  the 
last.  Death  usually  results  from  exhaustion  after 
a period  of  about  four  days.  Recovery  is  unknown 
after  the  disease  has  once  developed. 

The  first  treatment  following  a bite  of  an  animal 
suffering  from  hydrophobia  should  consist  in 
tightly  binding  the  limb  above  the  wound,  cutting 
out  the  tissues  surrounding  the  bite,  or  at  least 
cauterizing  the  wound  with  hot  iron  or  caustics, 
such  as  caustic  potash,  nitric  acid,  or  sulphuric  acid. 
Unless  the  wound  is  thus  treated  within  five 
minutes  it  is  not  likely  to  prove  very  effective. 

The  Pasteur  Treatment 

The  only  cure  is  the  early  use  of  the  Pasteur 
treatment.  This  method  consists  of  treating  the 
body  with  a preparation  made  from  the  spinal  cords 
of  animals  that  have  been  artificially  inoculated 
with  the  disease.  Many  so-called  Pasteur  institutes 
are  not  reliable,  but  one  at  New  York  and  one  at 
Chicago  have  for  some  years  been  doing  effective 
work. 


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HYSTERIA 

This  is  a violent  emotional  condition  or  brainstorm 
most  common  in  women.  The  symptoms  are  ner- 
vousness, excessive  crying  and  laughing,  pains  more 
or  less  general,  lack  of  sensibility  or  choking  sensa- 
tions in  the  throat.  There  is  often  great  mental 
excitement ; sometimes  delirium  and  convulsive 
attacks,  in  which  there  may  be  a stiffening  of  the 
limbs  and  loss  of  voice,  sight  and  vision  during  the 
attack. 

Many  of  the  symptoms  are  due  to  the  condition  of 
the  mind,  and  any  strong  appeal  to  the  mind  often 
brings  relief.  The  treatment  should  be  in  the 
hands  of  a competent  physician.  Too  much  sym- 
pathy, anxiety  or  fussing  over  the  patient  should 
be  avoided.  ^ 

INFANTILE  SPINAL  PARALYSIS  ’ 

Anterior  poliomyelitis,  as  the  doctors  call  it,  is 
an  acute  contagious  disease,  usually  epidemic.  It 
attacks  children,  oftenest  between  one  and  five  years 
old,  but  may  occur  at  any  age.  It  appears  from  a 
few  days  to  a month  after  exposure,  and  it  is  be- 
lieved may  be  carried  by  an  intermediate  person. 
The  disease  is  due  to  a minute  germ,  which  enters 
the  system,  probably  through  the  nasal  passages, 
and  causes  an  inflammation  of  the  gray  matter  of 
the  anterior  portion  of  the  spinal  cord.  This  por- 
tion of  the  cord  controls  the  muscular  system,  and 
the  amount  of  paralysis  following  varies  in  propor- 
tion to  the  extent  and  severity  of  the  inflammation. 

The  onset  is  always  sudden,  usually  with  fever, 
some  digestive  disturbance,  pain  and  tenderness  in 
the  back  and  limbs  and  profuse  sweating,  followed 


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in  a few  hours  or  days  by  paralysis  of  the  muscles 
of  one  or  more  of  the  extremities.  In  most  of  the 
fatal  cases  the  muscles  of  respiration  are  afifected 
and  the  patient  dies  from  inability  to  breathe.  The 
paralysis  reaches  its  height  in  a few  days,  and  re- 
mains so  for  several  weeks,  when  improvement 
slowly  begins  and  lasts  for  six  months  or  more. 

Finally,  there  is  often  an  arrest  of  growth  in  the 
affected  limbs  and  the  muscles  become  shrunken. 
Coldness,  blueness  and  deformity  of  the  limbs  may 
result.  The  patient  should  be  put  to  bed,  and 
should  remain  absolutely  quiet.  The  affected 
limbs  should  be  kept  warm  and  supported  with 
cotton,  splints  and  bandages.  In  a few  weeks  after 
the  soreness  has  subsided  they  should  be  gently 
moved,  massaged  and  the  use  of  electricity  care- 
fully begun.  The  limbs  should  be  held  in  correct 
position  to  prevent  stretching  of  the  muscles  and 
deformity. 


INFLUENZA 

It  is  a contagious,  disease  commonly  called  the 
grippe,  and  appears  in  epidemic  form.  The  symp- 
toms of  its  approach  are  headache,  a general  sense 
of  ill-feeling,  followed  by  pains  in  the  limbs,  chills, 
fever,  prostration  and  catarrhal  symptoms  of  the 
respiratory  tract.  The  disease  may  confine  itself 
to  these  discomforts,  and  pass  away  in  a few  days, 
or  there  may  be  a general  prostration  and  inflam- 
mation of  the  digestive  organs  and  nervous  system, 
with  excitement  and  sleepiness  or  unnatural  drowsi- 
ness. Sometimes  weakness  of  the  heart  occurs. 
There  is  danger  of  complications  with  pneumonia 
or  pleurisy,  and  tuberculosis.  Other  organic  dis- 
eases are  liable  to  follow. 


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The  patient  should  remain  in  bed  until  all  symp- 
toms have  disappeared.  The  diet  should  be  limited 
to  milk  or  other  foods  that  are  easily  digested. 
Early  treatment  should  consist  of  brisk  cathartics, 
hot  applications  and  hot  drinks  to  cause  perspira- 
tion. During  convalescence  great  care  should  be 
taken  to  avoid  contracting  cold,  for  a relapse  may 
prove  serious,  because  of  the  complications  which 
may  arise. 

INSANITY 

Many  diseases  of  the  brain,  due  to  many  causes, 
result  in  unnatural  conditions  of  mind  that  are 
called  insanity.  The  disease  may  manifest  itself  in 
what  is  known  as  melancholia,  which  is  a state  of 
melancholy  carried  to  an  extreme  degree,  and  often 
leads  to  attempted  suicide.  Then  there  is  mono- 
mania, in  which  the  victim  is  insane  on  some  one 
subject.  This  may  lead  to  serious  consequences, 
although  on  other  subjects  the  victim  may  be  per- 
fectly sane. 

What  is  known  as  mania  is  a diseased  condition 
of  the  brain  in  which  the  victim  is  subject  to  all 
sorts  of  illusions  and  hallucinations  and  the  mind 
seems  to  be  in  a state  of  chaos. 

Still  another  form  of  insanity  is  known  as  de- 
mentia. This  sometimes  develops  among  old  peo- 
ple. It  is  a weakened  condition  of  intellect  and 
will  power  that  may  lead  to  complete  imbecility. 
The  insane  may  be  quiet  and  harmless,  or  exceed- 
ingly excitable  and  violent  to  the  extent  of  great 
danger  to  themselves  and  those  with  whom  they 
come  in  contact. 

The  causes  of  insanity  include  abnormal  condi- 
tions that  may  be  inherited  or  any  of  the  following : 


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Fevers,  epilepsy,  syphilis,  masturbation,  blows  upon 
the  head,  worry,  misfortune;  religious,  political  or 
any  acute  or  prolonged  excitement;  overstudy  and 
lack  of  sleep. 


Treatment 

The  insane  should  be  so  treated  as  to  have  quiet 
and  relief  from  whatever  causes  or  aggravates  the 
trouble,  if  possible.  They  should  be  carefully 
watched  to  prevent  any  violence. 

No  insane  person  is  safe,  and  it  is  always  best 
that  they  should  be  treated  in  a sanitarium  or  in- 
sane hospital,  where  conditions  are  suitable  for  the 
treatment  of  such  people.  To  prevent  insanity,  it 
goes  without  saying  that  the  things  which  are  likely 
to  cause  it  should  be  avoided. 

INSOMNIA 

Inability  to  sleep  may  be  due  to  many  causes, 
including  a condition  of  nervous  exhaustion  and 
approaching  insanity.  One  of  the  frequent  causes  is 
the  nervous  conditions  brought  on  by  brain  work 
or  worry.  Sleep  may  often  be  induced  by  physical 
exercise  taken  to  the  extent  of  inducing  fatigue, 
but  great  care  should  be  taken,  of  course,  to  avoid 
overexertion.  Some  vigorous  work  out  of  doors  is 
recommended ; sometimes  a walk  is  sufficient ; 
sometimes  gymnastic  exercises. 

A warm  foot  bath  just  before  retiring  is  often 
effective.  Drinking  a glass  of  hot  milk  just  before 
retiring  or  when  awakening  at  night  is  one  of  the 
best  remedies  for  insomnia.  This  draws  the  excess 
of  blood  from  the  brain  to  the  stomach. 


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A hot,  wet  pack  is  an  effective  remedy  in  des- 
perate cases.  This  is  applied  by  taking  a large 
blanket  and  wringing  it  out  well  from  hot 
water,  wrapping  it  smoothly  and  closely  around 
the  whole  body  with  the  exception  of  the  head,  and 
around  that  adding  dry  blankets.  The  patient  may 
remain  in  this  an  hour  or  longer  if  awake,  or  all 
night  if  sleeping. 

The  condition  of  the  mind  is  important  and  the 
worries  of  the  day  should  not  be  taken  to  the  bed 
chamber.  Drugs  should  be  taken  only  as  the  last 
resort.  The  sleeping  room  should  be  dark  and  well 
ventilated.  Quiet  surroundings  should  also  be 
secured  if  possible.  If  the  surroundings  are  un- 
necessarily noisy,  plugs  of  cotton  should  be  placed 
in  the  ears  during  the  night.  Late  hours  should  be 
avoided,  and  one  addicted  to  insomnia  should  not 
only  go  to  bed  early  but  rise  early. 

ITCH 

It  is  due  to  the  activity  of  a little  pearly  white 
insect  barely  visible  to  the  naked  eye,  which  enters 
the  victim’s  body,  usually  when  the  latter  is  sleep- 
ing with  someone  afflicted  with  the  disease.  The 
female  insect  selects  some  soft  protected  part  and 
begins  burrowing  head  first  into  the  outer  layer  of 
the  skin  until  she  has  completely  buried  herself. 
She  then  deposits  an  egg  and  burrows  onward  just 
beneath  the  surface,  laying  one  or  more  eggs  per 
day  for  about  two  months,  when  she  dies.  Mean- 
while the  earliest-laid  eggs  hatch  out  and  the  young 
escape  upon  the  surface  to  continue  the  tunneling 
process  of  their  mother. 

The  symptoms  of  the  disease  are  an  intense  itch- 
ing of  the  skin  at  night,  the  warmth  of  the  bed 


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stimulating  the  insects  to  activity.  The  appear- 
ance varies  from  a slight  eruption  between  the 
fingers,  or  a few  scabs  and  scratch  marks  upon  the 
abdomen,  to  that  of  long-neglected  cases  where 
the  whole  body,  except  the  face,  is  a mass  of  scabs 
and  pustules. 

The  treatment  is  simple  and  effective.  Each 
night  before  going  to  bed  scrub  the  afflicted  areas 
thoroughly  with  hot  water  and  soap  and  a nail 
brush.  Dry  and  rub  in  a sulphur  and  lard  ointment. 
The  cure  will  be  complete  in  three  days. 

JAUNDICE 

A condition  in  which  there  is  some  obstruction 
to  the  flow  of  bile  into  the  intestine.  The  bile, 
secreted  in  the  liver,  unable  to  escape  in  the  normal 
way,  is  taken  up  by  the  blood  and  carried  to  all  the 
tissues  of  the  body.  This  condition  is  apparent 
from  a yellow  discoloration  of  the  skin  and  the 
whites  of  the  eyes.  Catarrhal  jaundice  is  due  to 
an  extension  of  a catarrhal  inflammation  of  the 
upper  part  of  the  intestines  and  usually  also  of  the 
stomach  to  the  bile  ducts  and  a closure  of  the 
passage  by  a swelling  of  the  mucous  membrane. 

Sometimes  the  flow  of  bile  is  stopped  by  the  lodg- 
ment of  a gall  stone.  In  such  cases  there  is  intense 
pain,  which  may  be  intermittent  until  the  gall  stone 
works  its  way  through.  The  pain  caused  by  this 
latter  disorder  is  known  as  biliary  colic.  It  is 
necessary  to  administer  morphine  hypodermically, 
or  to  give  chloroform  by  inhalation,  to  relieve  the 
intense  pain.  Surgery  is  the  most  satisfactory 
treatment  for  gall  stones.  Jaundice  may  also  be 
caused  by  pressure  of  a tumor  upon  the  bile  pas- 
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Thus  it  may  be  seen  that  what  is  known  as 
jaundice  is  really  a symptom  of  a variety  of  dis- 
orders which  should  be  understood  before  treat- 
ment is  undertaken.  Great  care  should  be  given  to 
the  diet,  and  the  bowels  should  be  kept  open  by 
gentle  laxatives  and  hot  enemas.  In  all  cases  fatty 
foods  should  be  avoided.  Mineral  and  alkaline 
waters  should  be  drunk  freely.  Warm  baths  should 
be  taken  in  which  a little  soda  has  been  dissolved, 
to  relieve  the  itching  of  the  skin  which  attends 
jaundice. 

LEPROSY 

It  is  a chronic  infectious  disease,  which  affects  the 
whole  system,  and  runs  usually  for  many  years. 
There  are  two  types  of  the  disease.  One  character- 
ized by  formation  of  nodes  in  the  skin  and 
mucous  membrane  which  finally  soften  and  break 
down  into  ulcers.  The  other  form  is  a disease  of 
the  nerves.  Primarily  reddish  spots  appear  on  the 
skin,  which  later  become  white  and  are  insensible 
to  touch.  The  area  of  insensibility  spreads  over 
most  of  the  body.  A wasting  of  the  muscles  occurs 
and  they  gradually  become  paralyzed  and  gangrene 
may  result,  which  leads  to  a loss  of  fingers  and  toes, 
and  sometimes  the  entire  hand  or  foot. 

In  treating  the  disease,  it  is  important  that  the 
patient  should  be  separated  from  those  not  so 
afflicted,  and  he  should  be  given  such  treatment  as 
will  maintain  as  high  a degree  of  nutrition  as  pos-! 
sible.  Cleanliness  and  good  hygiene  should  be 
maintained.  The  disease  responds  to  no  known 
medicinal  treatment. 


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LIGHTNING  STROKE 

If  actually  struck  by  lightning  the  victim  is 
usually  killed  outright.  If  the  injury  sustained 
from  a stroke  of  lightning  is  not  fatal  immediately, 
there  is  a fair  chance  of  recovery.  The  victim  is 
usually  unconscious  and  the  pulse  and  respiration 
are  weak.  The  face  is  pale,  and  the  skin  cold. 
Usually  there  is  partial  paralysis  and  more  or  less 
nervous  pains. 

The  first  treatment  should  be  to  loosen  the  gar- 
ments, sprinkle  cold  water  in  the  face,  with  the 
head  kept  low,  while  the  body  is  vigorously  rubbed. 
Smelling  salts  should  be  applied  to  the  nostrils. 
Plenty  of  air  should  be  provided  and  artificial 
respiration  should  be  performed.  Further  treat- 
ment should  be  under  the  direction  of  a physician. 

To  avoid  being  struck  by  lightning,  one  should 
not  seek  shelter  under  tall  trees  that  stand  alone 
nor  cross  an  open  field  during  a thunderstorm. 
Telephone  and  telegraph  poles  should  be  avoided, 
and  in  a house  one  should  keep  away  from  large 
metallic  objects  and  should  not  use  a telephone. 
If  there  is  a draught  through  open  windows,  they 
should  be  closed. 

LIVER  DISEASES 

The  liver  is  the  largest  gland  of  the  body  and  has 
several  important  functions  to  perform  through 
which  it  is  exposed  to  the  liability  to  disease.  The 
liver  not  only  produces  bile  to  aid  in  the  digestion 
of  fats,  but  helps  to  eliminate  from  the  blood  waste 
matter  in  the  form  of  urea,  which  it  passes  on  to  be 
transferred  to  the  kidneys  for  excretion.  There  are 
rpany  disorders  to  which  the  liver  is  subject,  but 


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many  of  the  ailments  attributed  to  the  liver  are,  in 
fact,  disorders  of  the  stomach  and  intestines. 

Perihepatitis  is  an  inflammation  of  the  fibrous 
coat  of  the  liver  called  Glisson’s  capsule.  It  may  be 
caused  by  pressure  of  corsets,  tight  clothing  or  in- 
juries from  blows  or  falling,  or  from  extension  of 
inflammation  from  the  gall  bladder,  or  a gastric 
ulcer.  It  may  also  result  from  diseases  within  the 
liver.  The  fibrous  coat  thickens,  and  thus  may 
cause  compression  of  the  liver  substance,  and,  by 
extension  of  inflammation,  may  produce  cirrhosis 
of  the  liver.  As  the  capsule  thickens,  pain  and 
tenderness  develop,  especially  upon  pressure.  The 
treatment  should  include  rest  in  a comfortable  posi- 
tion. In  the  early  stages  of  an  acute  attack  an  ice 
bag  may  be  applied,  followed  later  by  hot  applica- 
tions. 

Congestion 

Active  or  arterial  congestion  of  the  liver  may  be 
caused  by  overeating  or  overindulgence  in  alcoholic 
liquors,  coffee  or  spices,  or  by  infectious  fevers, 
notably  typhoid  and  malaria,  or  disturbed  men- 
struation. The  symptoms  include  the  sensations 
of  pressure,  of  fullness,  and  there  may  be  pain.  In 
severe  cases  swelling  of  the  liver  may  compress  the 
bile  ducts  and  cause  slight  jaundice.  Treatment 
should  include  rest,  and,  if  the  congestion  is  due  to 
some  other  disease,  that  disease  should  be  treated. 
If  due  to  errors  of  diet,  they  should  be  corrected. 
The  patient  should  abstain  from  food  that  stimulates 
the  liver,  such  as  alcohol,  spices,  and  should  re- 
duce the  amount  of  fat,  sugar  and  salt  taken.  Veg- 
etables and  fruit  should  be  eaten  freely.  Mild  lax- 
atives should  be  administered.  Passive  or  venous 


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congestion  of  the  liver  may  be  due  to  weakened 
heart  action,  chronic  bronchitis,  adhesions  or  con- 
traction of  the  lung  tissue,  or  may  be  due  to  ob- 
structions within  the  liver.  The  treatment  should 
be  relief  of  whatever  disorder  causes  the  congestion. 

Hepatitis  is  an  inflammation  of  the  liver,  often  a 
sequel  to  some  of  the  infectious  diseases,  especially 
malaria,  typhoid,  erysipelas,  blood  poisoning,  pneu- 
monia and  dysentery.  It  is  especially  prevalent  in 
hot  countries.  Alcohol  often  contributes  to  this 
cause.  The  hepatic  cells  suffer  poisoning  and 
undergo  degenerating  changes.  The  symptoms  are 
usually  vomiting,  diarrhea  and  if  in  the  region  of 
the  liver,  there  may  be  mild  or  high  fever,  and  in 
some  cases  there  are  chills.  The  first  attack  usually 
ends  favorably  in  from  eight  to  fourteen  days.  There 
is  an  inclination  to  later  attacks  which  are  generally 
more  severe  and  of  longer  duration,  and  may  end  in 
abscess  or  some  form  of  degeneration  of  the  liver, 
with  fatal  outcome. 

Abscess  of  the  Liver 

Infection  by  some  pus-forming  bacteria  may  lead 
to  abscess  of  the  liver.  Infection  may  be  by  ulcer- 
ative processes  from  adjacent  organs,  the  most 
common  examples  being  those  from  ulcers  of  the 
gall,  bladder,  bile  ducts  and  stomach,  or  the  infec- 
tion may  reach  the  liver  by  means  of  the  blood  cur- 
rents. Among  the  symptoms  of  abscess  of  the  liver 
are  fever  at  irregular  intervals  with  chill  and  high 
temperature,  followed  by  sweat  and  weakness.  The 
intermittent  fever  resembles  that  of  malaria. 

If  near  the  surface,  there  is  likely  to  be  sharp 
pain.  If  deep  in  the  liver,  where  sensory  nerves 
are  absent,  there  may  be  but  little  pain.  There  is 


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nausea,  vomiting,  foul  taste  and  coated  tongue.  In 
the  case  of  abscess,  the  liver  becomes  considerably 
enlarged.  Later  the  abscess  may  become  firmly 
surrounded  by  tissue,  so  that  symptoms  are  less 
pronounced  and  disintegration  of  the  liver  and 
poisoning  may  develop  rapidly,  leading  to  death. 

The  treatment,  as  in  the  case  of  other  liver  dis- 
orders, should  include  care  with  reference  to  the 
diet,  avoiding  irritating  articles,  especially  drinks 
containing  alcohol.  In  the  early  stages  cold  appli- 
cations may  help  to  reduce  congestion,  and  later  if 
there  is  severe  pain  hot  compresses  will  be  bene- 
ficial. Care  should  be  exercised  in  the  use  of 
cathartics,  which  may  have  an  irritating  effect. 
Medicinal  treatment  should  be  strictly  under  the 
direction  of  a physician. 

Cirrhosis 

Cirrhosis  of  the  liver,  or  chronic  interstitial 
hepatitis,  is  a slow  inflammation  of  the  liver  which 
results  in  an  extensive  growth  of  a fibrous  tissue 
that  compresses  and  destroys  the  cells  secreting 
needed  fluids  and  seriously  obstructs  the  circula- 
tion of  the  blood  in  the  organ.  The  disease  ap- 
pears in  two  forms — the  atrophic,  in  which  the 
liver  is  reduced  often  to  less  than  half  its  normal 
size,  and  undergoes  some  form  of  degeneration ; and 
hypertrophic,  in  which  the  liver  increases  in  size. 
The  atrophic  cirrhosis  is  often  caused  by  habitual 
indulgence  in  alcoholic  liquors,  sometimes  results 
from  syphilis,  sometimes  follows  malaria.  In  the 
early  stages  the  symptoms  are  only  those  indicat- 
ing dyspepsia. 

Later,  possibly  some  years  after  the  disease  has 
begun,  there  is  pain,  either  dull  or  sharp,  and  it  is 


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possible  to  detect  a decrease  in  the  size  of  the  liver. 
The  patient’s  health  and  nutrition  generally  are 
much  impaired  and  he  becomes  weak  and  sallow  of 
complexion.  The  hardening  and  shrinking  of  the 
liver  causes  obstruction  to  the  circulation  through 
it,  and  results  in  a large  accumulation  of  fluid  in 
the  abdomen. 

In  hypertrophic  cirrhosis,  as  in  the  other  form  of 
the  disease,  the  first  symptoms  are  of  a dyspeptic 
nature,  followed  after  some  months  by  painful  en- 
largements of  the  liver.  There  is  loss  of  appetite, 
nausea,  vomiting  and  usually  fever.  The  skin  be- 
comes jaundiced.  As  the  disease  progresses  there 
are  hemorrhages.  Toward  the  end  the  appetite 
may  increase,  but  eating  seems  to  do  no  good,  and 
the  patient  dies  from  general  exhaustion.  A ter- 
mination of  the  disease  may  not  occur  for  several 
years.  The  treatment  should  include  avoidance  of 
irritating  articles  of  diet,  especially  avoiding  alco- 
holic drinks,  coffee  and  spices,  and  limiting  the 
amount  of  fats,  starch  and  sugar.  A milk  diet  is 
often  of  benefit.  Constipation  should  be  treated  by 
some  means  other  than  irritating  laxatives,  includ- 
ing in  the  diet  fruit  and  vegetables  for  this  purpose. 

Fatty  Degeneration 

Fatty  degeneration  of  the  liver  is  a disease  in 
which  the  natural  cells  break  down  and  change  into 
fat,  sometimes  as  a part  of  general  obesity,  some- 
times in  cases  of  anaemia  and  tuberculosis,  some- 
times because  of  the  excessive  use  of  alcohol,  or 
through  some  form  of  poisoning.  The  treatment 
should  be  directed  principally  to  relieving  the  dis- 
ease which  causes  the  trouble. 

Waxy  degeneration  of  the  liver  is  found  in 


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patients  who  have  had  some  long,  serious  disease. 
Tuberculosis  is  the  most  frequent  cause.  Next  to 
that  comes  syphilis,  sometimes  rickets,  and  some 
of  the  infectious  fevers.  The  liver  cells  change  to 
a hard,  waxy  substance,  and  the  organ,  as  a whole, 
usually  increases  gradually  in  size,  although  some- 
times it  shrinks.  There  are  no  definite  symptoms. 
The  treatment  consists  only  in  trying  to  relieve  the 
original  disease. 


Tumors 

Tumors  of  the  liver  may  be  either  harmless  or 
malignant,  the  former  being  very  rare.  The  malig- 
nant tumors  are  forms  of  cancer  that  may  or  may 
not  give  rise  to  definite  symptoms  other  than  en- 
largement. There  is  a gradual  loss  of  flesh  and 
strength ; later,  digestive  disturbances  such  as 
nausea  and  vomiting.  Then  some  pain  as  the 
the  growth  advances.  Treatment  can  only  aflford 
temporary  relief  and  should  be  directed  to  keeping 
up  nutrition  and  relieving  pain.  If  undertaken 
early  enough  there  may  be  relief  through  operation. 
In  the  case  of  benign  tumors,  no  treatment  is  ad- 
visable unless  their  size  is  such  that  relief  is  needed 
through  drainage,  which  requires  operation. 

LOCKJAW 

Lockjaw,  or  tetanus,  is  a disease  caused  by  infec- 
tion of  a wound  by  a bacillus  inhabiting  the  soil. 
It  is  especially  liable  to  follow  a gunshot  wound  if 
contaminated  with  dust  or  earth,  or  any  punctured 
wound  from  a rusty  nail.  It  does  not  interfere  with 
the  healing  of  the  wound,  but  it  enters  the  system, 
producing  poisons  which  involve  and  irritate  the 


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nervous  system,  causing  spasmodic  contraction  of 
the  muscles,  particularly  about  the  head,  neck  and 
back.  The  disease  may  develop  at  any  time  between 
24  hours  and  several  weeks  after  the  injury.  Some- 
times it  takes  the  acute  form,  which  develops 
rapidly  and  is  fatal,  and  sometimes  the  chronic  form, 
which  develops  slowly  and  is  less  likely  to  prove 
fatal. 

The  first  symptoms  that  usually  appear  are  pains 
in  the  back  of  the  neck,  followed  by  inability  to 
open  the  mouth,  because  of  the  contraction  of  the 
muscles  that  move  the  jaw.  Sometimes  there  is  a 
chill,  and  a rapid  pulse  with  fever  is  always  among 
the  symptoms.  The  spasms  extend  from  one  group 
of  muscles  to  another,  including  those  of  the  legs 
and  the  muscles  that  control  breathing,  spreading 
rapidly  in  the  acute  cases.  In  chronic  cases  there 
is  no  fever,  and  the  contractions  are  confined  to  the 
jaw  and  some  of  the  muscles  of  the  back.  All  the 
muscles  affected  become  very  hard  and  pain  is 
caused  by  the  convulsions.  The  patient  remains 
conscious.  The  disease  may  run  for  four  to  six 
weeks  and  end  in  death  from  exhaustion,  or  in  the 
gradual  recovery  of  the  patient. 

Prompt  Treatment 

Unless  treatment  is  given  immediately  after  the 
infection,  the  disease  is  usually  fatal.  All  wounds 
should  be  treated  with  absolute  cleanliness  and  an- 
tiseptics should  be  applied  to  destroy  any  germs 
which  might  cause  disease.  For  lockjaw,  the  wound 
should  be  carefully  disinfected,  and  any  foreign 
matter  should  be  removed.  Keep  the  patient  in  an 
absolutely  quiet,  darkened  room,  protected  from 
noise  and  drafts  of  air.  Chloroform  may  be  in- 


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haled  to  relieve  the  spasms  and  morphine  admin- 
istered to  secure  sleep.  The  patient  should  be  fed 
through  a rubber  tube,  passed  through  the  nose  and 
down  the  throat  if  there  is  not  sufficient  space  be- 
tween the  teeth.  Lukewarm  baths  should  be  given. 
Success  sometimes  comes  from  injecting  a serum 
prepared  from  the  blood  of  an  animal  that  has  been 
artificially  infected,  a principle  similar  to  that  of 
smallpox  vaccination. 

MALARIA 

This  is  a disease  caused  by  a certain  parasite  in 
the  blood,  and  appears  in  different  forms  according 
to  the  particular  kind  of  parasite  with  which  the 
patient  is  infected.  There  is  what  is  known  as 
malarial  fever,  intermittent  fever,  recurrent  fever, 
fever  and  ague,  chills  and  fever,  all  referring  to  the 
same  general  disease.  A few  years  ago  it  was  dis- 
covered that  malaria  is  transmitted  only  by  means 
of  a certain  kind  of  mosquito,  which  obtains  the 
germs  by  sucking  the  blood  from  those  suffering 
with  the  disease;  that  the  germs  develop  in  the 
body  of  the  mosquito  and  are  injected  into  healthy 
individuals  by  the  insect. 

After  the  germs  enter  the  human  body  there  is  a 
period  of  incubation,  at  the  end  of  which  the  para- 
site develops  to  the  size  of  a red  blood  corpuscle. 
It  then  sporulates  or  divides  into  15  or  20  segments 
w^hich  rapidly  attain  maturity.  This  process  is  re- 
peated, causing  alternating  periods  of  chills  and 
fever.  If  there  has  been  but  one  infection  from 
the  disease,  the  periods  are  less  frequent  than  in  the 
case  of  more  than  one  the  same  day.  In  some 
forms  of  the  disease  the  symptoms  recur  every 
.^second  day,  in  others  every  fourth  day.  With  the, 


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repeated  development  of  the  germs,  apparently, 
there  is  put  forth  in  the  blood  a poisonous  sub- 
stance, as  well  as  the  parasites  themselves. 

In  the  temperate  zone,  malaria  appears  most  fre- 
quently in  the  autumn;  in  the  torrid  zone,  where 
malaria  is  most  frequently  found,  it  occurs  in 
spring  as  well  as  autumn. 

The  disease  tends  to  destroy  the  red  cells  of  the 
blood.  It  causes  enlargement  of  the  liver  and 
spleen,  and  affects  the  functions  of  the  kidneys.  It 
also  may  cause  dilation  of  the  heart  chambers. 

The  Chills  and  Fever 

The  first  symptom  is  the  chill,  with  headache, 
nausea,  vomiting,  and  this  usually  occurs  in  the 
morning,  lasting  from  one  to  two  hours.  Then 
comes  the  period  of  fever  with  high  temperature, 
face  flushed,  skin  hot  and  dry,  tongue  coated,  foul 
breath,  and  full  pulse  lasting  from  a half  hour  to 
four  or  even  six  hours.  The  third  period  of  the  at- 
tack is  that  of  perspiration.  Sweat  starts  in  beads  on 
the  forehead  and  extends  over  the  body.  This 
covers  a period  of  from  eight  to  twelve  hours. 
Malaria  may  be  attended  by  diarrhea,  vomiting, 
catarrhal  jaundice  and  eruptions  on  the  skin  in 
often-recurring  attacks.  In  case  of  children  there 
may  be  convulsions. 

In  the  form  of  remittent  fever,  which  is  found 
chiefly  in  hot  climates,  the  attacks  are  more  severe 
than  other  forms  of  the  disease.  The  fever  does 
not  entirely  disappear,  and  the  patient  suffers  from 
a feeling  of  lassitude,  loss  of  appetite  and  irritabil- 
ity. They  may  lead  to  paralysis  of  the  heart  where 
the  patient  is  much  weakened. 


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Quinine  a Specific 

The  standard  remedy  and  specific  for  malaria  is 
quinine.  This  drug  kills  the  germs.  Following 
malarial  fever  the  patient  should  enjoy  outdoor 
life,  and  have  a hearty  diet  to  restore  the  depleted 
blood. 

Inasmuch  as  mosquitos,  which  carry  the  disease 
from  one  person  to  another,  breed  in  stagnant 
waters,  proximity  to  such  places  should  be  avoided 
in  selecting  a home.  It  is  always  best  to  build 
houses  upon  as  high  ground  as  possible  and  to  keep 
away  from  marshy  ground  and  stagnant  water.  It 
is  important  to  keep  the  general  health  at  as  high 
a standard  as  possible.  Mosquitos  breed  in  stag- 
nant water,  and  the  drainage  of  swamps,  and  the 
use  of  petroleum  or  kerosene  upon  stagnant  pools 
destroys  them.  Mosquitos  should  be  kept  out  of 
houses  by  thorough  screening. 

Those  exposed  to  the  danger  of  malaria  often  take 
from  six  to  ten  grains  of  quinine  each  morning 
after  breakfast  as  a preventive. 

MASTURBATION 

An  unnatural  practice  of  exciting  the  sexual  or- 
gans. The  habit  may  be  formed  by  young  chil- 
dren, but  most  often  by  youths  during  the  period 
of  adolescence,  when  physical  conditions  of  child- 
hood are  developing  into  those  of  young  manhood 
and  young  womanhood.  Once  begun,  there  is 
danger  that  it  may  be  continued.  Its  effects  are  to 
weaken  the  sexual  organs,  the  nerves  and  the  gen- 
eral physical  and  mental  powers.  The  habit  may 
lead  to  insanity. 


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It  may  be  caused  by  some  local  irritation  or  in- 
flammation, or  may  result  from  impure  teaching. 
Its  continuance  is  accompanied  by  a morbid  con- 
dition of  mind,  in  which  impure  thoughts  and  de- 
sires are  encouraged,  and  fears  that  the  victim  is 
suffering  from  serious  disease  are  often  entertained. 
This  unnatural  state  is  encouraged  by  the  false 
modesty  that  restrains  parents  from  talking  frankly 
with  their  children  about  sex  matters  and  warning 
them  of  the  dangers  that  attend  self-abuse  and  im- 
pure sexual  relations. 

Bad  Influences  and  Ignorance 

In  many  cases  the  only  information  children  re- 
ceive with  reference  to  sexual  matters  comes  from 
impure  associates  and  from  the  lurid  and  exagger- 
ated advertisements  of  swindlers  who  pretend  to 
cure  sexual  diseases.  Companions  who  fill  the 
young  mind  with  vile  stories  and  thoughts,  vile  or 
suggestive  literature,  obscene  pictures  and  immoral 
shows,  all  tend  toward  the  formation  of  bad  habits 
of  mind  and  body.  Ignorance  of  the  truth,  igno- 
rance of  the  vital  dependence  of  virile  and  attractive 
manhood  and  womanhood  upon  natural  healthy  sex 
conditions,  ignorance  of  the  penalty  that  must  be 
paid,  are  at  the  bottom  of  most  sexual  vices. 

Teach  the  Truth  Frankly 

Children  should  be  taught  early  the  plain  truth 
with  reference  to  their  bodies,,  so  far  as  they  need 
to  know  it  in  order  to  avoid  bad  habits.  They 
should  be  told  as  soon  as  they  can  understand  about 
the  sacred  responsibility  and  mystery  of  the  origin 


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of  life.  They  should  be  warned  against  self-abuse 
and  all  impurity. 

When  these  things  are  discussed  in  a frank,  pure 
way,  the  morbid  curiosity  that  is  often  the  cause  of 
youthful  errors  will  not  exist.  If  parents  are  frank 
with  their  children,  the  children  are  more  likely  to 
be  frank  and  honest  in  all  things.  The  active,  in- 
quiring minds  of  young  people  should  be  trained  to 
seek  satisfaction  in  the  things  that  are  pure.  High 
ideals  should  be  set  before  them. 

Hard  to  Break  Bad  Habit 

If  any  bad  habit  is  formed,  it  is  hard  to  break. 
Knowledge  of  the  truth  and  kindly  moral  encour- 
agement often  bring  forth  sufficient  will  power  to 
discontinue  self-abuse.  If  this  fails,  the  case  should 
be  put  in  the  hands  of  a good,  pure-minded  doctor. 
As  soon  as  any  evidence  of  masturbation  appears  a 
doctor  should  make  a careful  examination  to  see  if 
there  is  any  diseased  condition,  constriction  or  irri- 
tation of  the  sex  organs  that  needs  to  be  remedied. 
If  parents  feel  unequal  to  the  task,  let  the  first  sex 
talk  be  given  by  the  family  physician. 

MEASLES 

This  is  a very  contagious  disease,  most  common 
among  children,  which  manifests  itself  in  an  erup- 
tion beginning  on  the  face  and  spreading  over  the 
body.  One  attack  of  measles  protects  against  the 
second,  but  not  against  German  measles.  The 
eruption  of  measles  starts  in  the  mucous  membrane 
of  the  nose  and  eyes,  and  thence  extends  into  the 
throat,  where  it  may  be  seen  best  on  the  soft  palate. 
This  causes  coughing,  which  is  especially  severe^ 


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when  it  extends  into  the  trachea  and  bronchial 
tubes.  The  eruption  appears  first  as  irregular  red 
spots,  which  have  a tendency  to  group  into  patches. 

Among  the  symptoms  that  develop  are  sneezing, 
coughing,  bloodshot  eyes,  followed  in  a few  days 
by  the  eruption  referred  to.  Fever  develops  ac- 
cording to  the  severity  of  the  attack.  The  skin 
itches  and  burns  and  the  patient  is  restless  and 
uncomfortable.  As  soon  as  the  eruption  has  fully 
appeared  the  fever  subsides.  The  disease  is  usually 
a mild  one,  but  there  is  always  danger  of  complica- 
tions. 

The  patient  should  remain  in  bed  in  a shaded, 
well-ventilated  room.  The  bowels  should  be  kept 
open  and  plenty  of  fresh  water  allowed.  Itching 
of  the  skin  may  be  relieved  by  applying  cold  cream. 
If  the  eruption  is  slow  in  coming  out  drinking  hot 
lemonade  and  a hot  bath  may  expedite  matters.  If 
inflammation  of  the  eyes  develop  a solution  of 
boracic  acid  should  be  dropped  into  them  every  few 
hours.  The  diet  may  be  of  milk,  gruel,  broths  or 
beef  tea. 

Precaution  should  be  taken  after  an  attack  of 
measles  against  bronchitis,  pneumonia,  inflamma- 
tion of  the  eyes,  ears  or  larynx,  which  may  occur  if 
the  patient  takes  cold. 

MENINGITIS 

Spotted  Fever 

Cerebro-spinairmeningitis,  or  spotted  fever,  is  an 
acute,  .infectious  inflammation  of  the  inner  mem- 
branes_covering  the  brain  and  spinal  cord.  It  is 
[due  to  the  presence  of  a minute  germ.  It  attacks 
[children  more  often  than  adults.  It  sometimes 
[occursjn^epjdemics,  but  is  not  considered  a very 


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contagious  disease.  The  attack  usually  comes  on 
quite  suddenly,  with  vomiting,  high  fever  and  con- 
vulsions. There  is  pain  in  the  back  of  the  head 
and  along  the  spine,  while  the  muscles  of  the  neck 
are  stiff  and  the  head  is  drawn  backward. 

Delirium  soon  develops  and  great  sensitiveness 
to  light  and  noise,  and  spasmodic  contraction  of 
the  muscles.  Sometimes  there  is  seen  upon  the 
face,  chest,  or  all  over  the  body,  small  reddish  or 
purplish  spots,  which  give  the  disease  the  name  of 
spotted  fever.  In  a few  days  the  patient  usually 
sinks  into  a stupor,  with  pupils  large  and  inactive, 
and  death  soon  follows. 

The  general  treatment  consists  of  keeping  the 
bowels  freely  open  and  placing  an  ice  bag  to  the 
neck,  and  frequent  sponging  of  the  body.  By  far 
the  most  successful  form  of  medical  treatment  is  the 
anti-meningitis  serum  recently  discovered  by  Dr. 
Flexner. 


Serum  Treatment 

Serum  is  the  liquid  part  of  the  blood.  If  a quan- 
tity of  blood  is  withdrawn  from  the  circulation,  the 
red  blood  corpuscles  and  other  substances  thicken 
into  a clot  and  settle  at  the  bottom,  leaving  on  the 
surface  a transparent,  straw-colored  liquid.  This 
is  blood  serum.  It  has  been  found  by  experiment 
that  blood  taken  from  one  species  of  animal  which 
has  been  immuned  frequently  has  the  power  of 
destroying  the  most  deadly  diseases  in  another. 

The  blood  of  most  animals  acts  as  a poison  upon 
the  human  tissues,  but  that  of  the  horse  is  prac- 
tically harmless.  So  the  horse  is  made  immune  to 
meningitis  by  first  administering  small  doses  of  the 
meningitis  germs  that  have  been  largely  deprived 


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of  their  vitality,  and  then  gradually  increasing  the 
quantity  and  strength  until  the  animal  is  rendered 
incapable  of  taking  the  disease.  Serum  from  a 
horse  thus  inoculated  is  injected  into  the  spinal 
cavity  of  the  person  suffering  from  cerebro-spinal 
meningitis  and  in  many  cases  a cure  is  thus  ef- 
fected. 

The  result  of  using  this  serum  is,  as  a rule,  that 
those  who  recover  after  being  treated  with  it  get 
entirely  well,  while  those  who  recover  from  the 
disease  without  such  treatment  are  often  left  with 
some  permanent  derangement ; sometimes  with 
blindness  or  deafness,  sometimes  with  curvature  of 
the  spine,  sometimes  permanently  paralyzed  in  the 
limbs  or  mentally  deficient,  and  the  severe  head- 
aches which  accompany  the  disease  in  acute  stages 
may  continue  indefinitely. 

A tubercular  form  of  meningitis  occurs  quite  fre- 
quently among  children.  It  runs  a slow  course  that 
is  always  fatal. 


Simple  Meningitis 

Acute  simple  meningitis  is  an  inflammation  of 
the  inner  membrane  surrounding  the  brain,  due  to 
extension  or  transmission  of  some  inflammatory 
process  elsewhere  in  the  body.  This  form  of  men- 
ingitis is  also  usually  fatal.  The  treatment  in  gen- 
I eral  is  similar  to  that  for  the  contagious  form,  ex- 
' cept  the  serum  is  useless  here.  Much  relief  is  often 
obtained  by  withdrawing  a portion  of  cerebro-spinal 
fluid  to  reduce  the  pressure  on  the  brain. 

MUMPS 

This  is  a disease  of  the  parotid  gland,  which  is  a 
large  salivary  gland  situated  in  front  of  and  below 


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the  ear.  The  disease  is  contagious  and  occurs  in 
epidemics,  chiefly  among  children.  The  interval 
after  exposure  is  from  two  to  three  weeks.  The 
disease  usually  begins  with  chilliness,  followed  by 
moderate  fever.  Pain  and  swelling  in  the  region 
of  the  parotid  gland  soon  appear;  the  swelling 
rapidly  increases,  usually  affecting  both  glands  and 
involving  the  whole  side  of  the  face  and  neck. 

There  is  difficulty  in  moving  the  jaw,  swallowing 
and  speaking.  The  test  for  the  disease  is  tasting  a 
pickle  or  other  sour  food,  which  causes  pain,  by 
the  sudden  stimulation  of  the  gland. 

The  disease  is  not  serious,  as  a rule,  and  passes 
away  in  about  a week.  Sometimes  there  are  com- 
plications, which  appear  in  a swelling  and  inflam- 
mation of  the  other  glands  of  the  body.  This  is 
usually  due  to  taking  cold. 

The  treatment  is  chiefly  in  the  line  of  keeping 
the  patient  quiet  and  comfortable,  and  avoiding 
taking  cold. 

An  inflammation  and  suppuration  of  the  parotid 
gland  sometimes  comes  on  in  connection  with  other 
diseases ; commonly,  typhoid  fever,  blood  poisoning 
and  smallpox.  In  such  cases  it  is  much  more  seri- 
ous than  the  contagious  form  known  as  mumps. 

NASAL  CATARRH 

In  its  acute  form  it  is  known  as  cold  in  the  head. 
It  is  an  inflammation  of  the  membranes  of  the  nasal 
passages.  In  its  chronic  form  the  membranes  and 
underlying  tissues  become  gradually  thickened  until 
there  is  more  or  less  obstruction  to  the  passage  of 
air.  The  natural  secretion  becomes  thickened  and 
offensive,  while  still  later  the  disease  areas  shrink 
away,  the  glands  lose  their  functions  and  the  dust 


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inhaled  mingles  with  the  sticky  secretion  and  dries 
upon  the  membrane.  The  odor  may  become  very 
disagreeable.  Catarrh  is  usually  caused  by  cold. 
Frequent  acute  attacks  lead  to  chronic  catarrh. 

Acute  catarrh  is  best  treated  by  the  ordinary 
remedies  for  cold,  and  the  best  treatment  for 
chronic  catarrh  is  frequent  cleansing  of  the  dis- 
eased membranes  by  alkaline  antiseptic  sprays.  One 
suffering  from  chronic  catarrh  should  have  good 
air  and  plenty  of  outdoor  exercise.  So-called  cures 
in  the  form  of  patent  medicines  are  fraudulent  and 
usually  injurious.  Many  of  these  contain  the  dan- 
gerous drug  cocaine  and  may  lead  to  the  cocaine 
habit. 

NERVOUS  PROSTRATION 

This  term  is  used  to  indicate  the  condition  of 
nervous  exhaustion  or  weakness  of  the  nervous  sys- 
tem. There  is  a feeling  of  weakness,  depression, 
irritability,  inability  to  apply  one’s  self  to  anything, 
difficulty  in  sleeping,  usually  headaches,  backaches, 
and  more  or  less  neuralgic  pains.  In  some  cases 
there  is  a close  approach  to  insanity,  the  nerve 
weakness  extending  to  the  brain.  The  disease  may 
be  often  partly  hereditary,  and  result  from  over- 
work and  worry;  from  unhealthy  habits  of  life, 
excessive  use  of  stimulants  and  narcotics,  or  lack 
of  sleep  and  overindulgence  in  social  pleasures. 

The  existing  cause  should  be  removed.  If  the 
patient  is  completely  exhausted,  the  best  treatment 
at  first  is  to  place  him  in  bed  in  a quiet  room  where 
only  the  nurse  and  physician  shall  see  him.  Abso- 
lute rest  to  body  and  mind,  with  plenty  of  nour- 
ishing, easily  digested  food,  and  massage  and  elec- 
tricity to  maintain  the  strength  are  necessary. 


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Later  on,  in  milder  cases,  a quiet  resort  should  be 
sought,  and  mild,  healthy  outdoor  exercise  should 
be  taken,  gradually  increasing  the  exertion;  and  so- 
called  nerve  tonics,  such  as  phosphorus,  iron, 
strychnine  and  arsenic,  may  be  administered. 

NEURALGIA 

A painful  condition  of  the  nerves.  The  nerves 
most  frequently  affected  are  located  in  the  face,  and 
often  the  pain  is  felt  around  the  eye  and  that  part 
of  the  face  just  below  the  eye.  Neuralgic  pains  of 
the  chest  somewhat  resemble  those  of  pleurisy.  The 
sciatic  nerve,  running  from  the  back  part  of  the 
hip  to  the  foot,  is  often  subject  to  neuralgia.  There 
may  be  swelling  and  soreness  as  well  as  pain  in  the 
part  of  the  body  affected. 

Among  the  causes  of  neuralgia  are  anaemia,  gout, 
rheumatism,  diabetes,  decayed  teeth,  various 
poisons  in  the  blood,  infections,  exposure  to  cold, 
malaria,  fatigue,  mental  shock  and  injuries.  Chil- 
dren never  suffer  from  neuralgia,  and  it  is  rare  in 
extreme  old  age.  Women  suffer  from  it  more  fre- 
quently than  men. 

j The  principal  symptom  is  pain,  which  usually  ap- 
pears in  short  attacks  of  great  intensity.  Although 
chiefly  following  the  course  of  the  nerves,  neuralgic 
pain  affects  adjacent  tissues.  Heat  as  well  as  cold 
generally  increases  it;  so  does  a light  touch.  Firm 
pressure  sometimes  causes  relief.  Numbness  may 
accompany  the  pain,  as  well  as  muscular  spasms 
in  rare  cases.  The  pain  is  usually  increased  at 
night. 

The  treatment  should  consist  in  removing  any 
exciting  cause,  if  possible,  and  improvement  of  the 
general  health  should  be  sought.  Quiet  and  rest 


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careful  attention  to  diet,  and  keeping  the  bowels 
open  are  important.  Sometimes  relief  is  obtained 
by  hot  applications,  menthol,  camphor,  mustard  or 
painting  upon  the  skin  a small  amount  of  canthar- 
ides  in  collodion.  In  severe,  persistent  cases  a cure 
may  be  accomplished  by  an  operation  for  the  re- 
moval of  a part  of  the  affected  nerve. 

OPIUM  POISONING 

The  use  of  products  of  opium,  especially  mor- 
phine, either  to  relieve  pain  or  as  a habit,  may 
result  in  acute  or  chronic  poisoning.  An  overdose 
of  morphine,  or  of  opium  in  any  of  its  forms, 
results  in  these  symptoms  of  poisoning;  sleepiness, 
contraction  of  the  pupils,  of  the  eyes,  slow,  heavy 
breathing,  perspiration  and  stupor.  There  may  also 
be  faintness.  It  is  of  the  greatest  importance  to 
keep  the  victim  awake.  The  treatment  should  in- 
clude giving  a strong  emetic  to  induce  vomiting, 
and  strong  coffee  should  be  given  as  an  antidote. 
Dash  cold  water  in  the  face,  and,  if  breathing  stops, 
use  artificial  respiration.  A physician  should  be 
summoned  as  soon  as  possible. 

Chronic  poisoning  that  results  from  the  morphine 
habit  is  suffered  by  those  who  take  the  drug 
habitually.  The  habit  may  have  its  origin  in  tak- 
ing morphine,  laudanum,  paregoric,  or  any  sleep- 
ing preparation  containing  opium.  Habitual  use 
of  these  drugs  causes  a condition  in  which  the  sys- 
tem becomes  dependent  upon  them.  There  is  in- 
creasing nervousness,  various  pains,  loss  of  appe- 
tite, and  the  mind  eventually  becomes  affected.  A 
hopeless  wreck  of  the  entire  system  can  only  be  pre- 
vented by  breaking  off  the  habit. 

This  subject  is  further  considered  under  Drug 
Habits. 


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PELLAGRA 

A blood  disease  unrecognized  in  this  country  until 
recently,  although  prevalent  for  many  years  in 
EuTope,  the  exact  nature  of  which  is  not  yet  fully 
understood.  The  disease  appears-  first  as  a rough- 
ening of  the  skin,  which  later  peels  off,  leaving  the 
surface  as  it  would  after  a scald.  A sore  mouth  is 
one  of  the  first  symptoms  of  the  disease  and  there 
is  difficulty  in  swallowing.  The  patient  becomes 
emaciated  and  weak,  irritable  and  easily  excited  and 
then  often  insane.  Pellagra  usually  progresses 
slowly  and  may  continue  for  several  years.  Death 
may  follow  within  a month  or  so  after  insanity  de- 
velops. Abroad,  about  10  per  cent  of  those  suffer- 
ing from  the  disease  become  insane;  and  more  than 
one-half  die.  The  disease  is  sometimes  taken  for 
eczema,  scurvy  or  leprosy.  It  is  not  considered 
contagious. 

The  disease  appears  among  poor  people  in  in- 
sanitary surroundings  and  in  insane  asylums  and 
charitable  institutions  where  cheap  grades  of  food 
are  supplied.  There  has  been  a theory  widely  en- 
tertained that  pellagra  was  caused  by  eating 
moldy  corn.  Investigations  by  scientists,  especially 
those  employed  by  the  government,  have  made  it 
appear  doubtful  if  this  is  true,  although  many  cases 
have  appeared  where  cheap  grades  of  corn  have 
been  the  chief  article  in  diet.  Poor  quality  of  food, 
with  not  enough  variety,  may  contribute  to  condi- 
tions that  invite  this  disease  as  well  as  many  others. 

The  most  plausible  theory  as  to  the  cause  of  pel- 
lagra is  that  it  is  carried  by  an  insect  as  malaria  and 
yellow  fever  are  carried.  Investigations  indicate 
that  abroad,  where  the  disease  has  so  long  pre- 
vailed, the  Italian  midge  bites  a person  suffering 


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from  pellagra  and  that  the  poison  or  germs  of  the 
disease  in  the  blood  is  communicated  by  the  insect 
to  another  person  bitten  later.  In  the  United  States 
the  pellagra  insects  are  thought  to  be  the  buffalo 
gnat,  that  is  most  prevalent  in  the  lower  Mississippi 
valley  and  the  simulum  black  fly,  that  is  found  in 
many  parts  of  the  country. 

The  treatment  most  successful  includes  improv- 
ing sanitary  conditions,  providing  a diet  of  nutri- 
tious and  easily  digested  food,  and  attempting  to 
raise  the  tone  and  vigor  of  the  system.  No  specific 
remedy  has  yet  been  put  forward. 

PERITONITIS 

This  is  an  inflammation  of  the  delicate  mem^ 
brane  which  lines  the  abdominal  cavity  and  covers 
all  the  organs  contained  therein.  It  may  be  acute  or 
chronic.  Acute  general  peritonitis  is  often  caused 
by  extension  of  a local  inflammation  which  de- 
velops in  the  appendix.  Fallopian  tubes  or  other 
organs,  or  may  follow  perforation  of  an  ulcer  in  the 
stomach  or  intestines,  or  may  be  due  to  injury  or 
obstruction  of  the  bowels. 

The  symptoms  include  pain  and  tenderness  in 
the  region  affected,  distention  of  the  abdomen,  stiff- 
ness and  vomiting.  There  is  weakness,  fever  and 
a rapid  pulse. 

The  treatment  depends  upon  the  cause,  and  is 
usually  surgical.  The  disease  is  a very  serious  one, 
and  should  have  the  attention  of  a physician  or  sur- 
geon immediately. 

Chronic  peritonitis  may  develop  from  an  acute 
attack,  but  is  often  of  tubercular  origin. 

The  symptoms  of  tubercular  peritonitis  are  pain 
in  the  abdomen,  alternating  diarrhea  and  constipa- 


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tion,  or  loss  of  flesh,  occasional  fever,  and  a gradual 
distention  of  the  abdomen.  Frequently  there  is 
little  pain. 

The  treatment  should  be  with  a view  of  building 
the  patient  up  in  every  way.  There  is  a fair  chance 
of  recovery  in  such  cases,  but  it  may  be  necessary 
to  perform  an  operation,  removing  the  fluid  and 
allowing  the  air  to  enter  the  cavity. 

PILES 

Piles  or  hemorrhoids  are  little  tumors,  each  con- 
sisting of  a dilated  vein  which  appears:  just  within 
the  margin  of  the  anus.  These  tumors  sometimes 
prolapse  and  appear  externally  and  are  known  as 
external  piles.  There  is  frequently  bleeding  from 
internal  piles.  The  external  rarely  bleed,  but  they 
are  painful  and  cause  a great  deal  of  annoyance. 

Piles  may  often  be  prevented  or  benefited  by 
keeping  the  bowels  regular.  The  diseased  part 
should  be  kept  carefully  cleansed  with  antiseptics, 
and  for  external  cases  a tincture  of  equal  parts  of 
tannin  and  glycerin  may  be  applied  on  a pad  of 
gauze,  wet  with  a solution  containing  two  teaspoon- 
fuls of  sugar  of  lead,  one  teaspoonful  of  laudanum, 
and  one  pint  of  water. 

The  more  severe  cases  require  the  removal  of  the 
hemorrhoids  by  operation.  When  properly  per- 
formed the  operation  is  not  dangerous,  and  gives 
complete  relief. 

PLEURISY 

Pleurisy  or  pleuritis  is  an  inflammation  of  the 
membrane  or  pleura,  which  covers  the  lungs  and 
lines  the  inside  of  the  chest.  It  is  smooth  and 
glossy  and  moves  over  the  chest  wall  without  fric- 


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tion.  Inflammation  causes  roughening  of  the  sur- 
face and  the  movements  of  these  rough  surfaces 
upon  each  other  causes  pain.  Pleurisy  may  de- 
velop from  inflammation  of  the  neighboring  organs 
or  as  a complication  of  other  constitutional  dis- 
eases; or  it  may  be  caused  by  a severe  blow  upon 
the  chest,  fracture  of  a rib  or  exposure  to  cold. 

The  symptoms  of  acute  pleurisy  are  chill,  fever, 
a dry  cough  and  a sharp  stitching  pain  in  the  chest 
with  each  respiration.  The  dry  stage  of  pleurisy 
is  often  followed  by  a secretion  of  fluid  which  fills 
the  pleural  cavity,  compresses  the  lung,  displaces 
the  heart  and  causes  considerable  difficulty  in 
breathing.  In  severe  cases  the  formation  of  the 
fluid  may  lead  to  rupture  either  into  the  lung  or 
abdominal  cavity. 

The  patient  should  remain  quietly"  in  bed  and 
removal  of  the  fluid  must  be  accomplished  under 
the  direction  of  a physician.  An  operation  some- 
times becomes  necessary. 

PNEUMONIA 

This  is  a very  prevalent  and  fatal  disease,  is  an 
acute  inflammation  of  the  lungs,  but  particularly 
due  to  the  invasion  of  a germ  known  as  the  pneu- 
mococcus. Its  seriousness  depends  upon  the  ex- 
tent and  degree  of  inflammation,  upon  the  age  and 
general  condition  of  the  patient.  Probably  in  the 
majority  of  cases  it  is  not  preceded  by  a cold,  but 
a sudden  chill  enables  the  germs  to  successfully 
attack  the  lungs.  They  multiply  very  rapidly  and 
form  poisonous  substances  which  affect  the  v/hole 
system.  One  or  both  lungs  may  be  affected. 

Pneumonia  sometimes  develops  in  the  course  of 
other  diseasics  such  as  grippe,  bronchitis,  measles, 
whooping  cough,  smallpox,  and  typhoid  fever. 


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The  symptoms  usually  appear  suddenly.  There 
is  a sharp  chill  followed  by  high  fever  and  rapid 
pulse.  A dry  cough  develops  with  a sharp  pain  on 
the  side  affected.  Soon  there  is  expectoration 
mixed  with  blood,  giving  it  a rusty  appearance. 
The  breathing  is  short  and  very  rapid.  There  is 
weakness  of  the  heart  and  general  prositration,  and 
sometimes  delirium.  In  about  a week  the  crisis 
appears.  The  fever  suddenly  leaves  and  in  favor- 
able conditions  recovery  follows  rapidly. 

If  the  disease  is  prolonged  there  is  likelihood  of 
tuberculosis.  In  old  people  or  children,  or  where 
the  disease  follows  grippe,  it  runs  longer  than  is 
usual  in  ordinary  cases,  but  the  symptoms  are  not 
so  violent.  Death  may  follow  from  heart  failure, 
and  as  the  crisis  approaches  it  may  be  necessary  to 
take  rigorous  steps  in  the  way  of  stimulation.  This 
should  be  done  under  the  careful  direction  of  a 
physician. 

During  the  run  of  the  fever  the  diet  should  be 
fluid  preferably.  For  the  most  part  milk.  Water 
should  be  given  freely.  The  room  should  be  cool 
and  well  ventilated.  Oxygen  and  heart  stimulants 
should  always  be  at  hand.  With  the  decline  of  the 
fever  a more  liberal  diet  can  be  given. 

PTOMAINE  POISONING 

This  is  a dangerous  kind  of  intestinal  poisoning 
which  may  result  from  eating  any  animal  foods 
that  have  begun  to  decay.  Meat,  fish,  oysters, 
clams,  lobsters,  cheese,  milk  and  ice  cream  are 
among  the  foods  that  make  trouble.  One  should 
always  avoid  eating  any  food,  especially  of  animal 
origin,  that  shows  evidence  of  decomposition. 

The  symptoms  consist  of  severe  cramps  in  the 


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abdomen,  nausea,  vomiting  and  violent  diarrhea  or 
in  some  cases  constipation,  thirst,  headache,  dizzi- 
ness and  chilliness,  followed  a little  later  by  extreme 
prostration,  difficulty  in  breathing  and  sometimes 
paralysis  and  convulsions.  The  disease  may  de- 
velop within  half  an  hour  after  the  spoiled  food  has 
been  eaten  or  at  any  time  within  24  hours. 

As  soon  as  there  is  suspicion  of  ptomaine  poison- 
ing a physician  should  be  speedily  called  and 
emetics  and  cathartics  should  be  given  to  empty 
the  digestive  canal.  This  should  be  followed  by 
hot  baths  and  remedies  to  stimulate  the  heart  action. 
The  effect  of  the  poison  is  to  weaken  the  heart,  and 
the  two  purposes  to  be  aimed  at  are  the  elimination 
of  the  poison  from  the  system  and  to  keep  the  heart 


RHEUMATISM 

The  disorders  known  as  rheumatism  manifest 
themselves  in  a variety  of  ways  and  are  due  to  a 
variety  of  causes.  There  is  acute  articular  rheu- 
matism, which  is  also  known  as  inflammatory 
rheumatism,  or  rheumatic  fever.  There  is  chronic 
articular  rheumatism,  both  acute  and  chronic. 
Rheumatism  is  supposed  to  be  caused  by  bacteria 
that  develop  through  the  failure  of  the  system  to 
throw  off  waste  matter  as  it  should. 

In  articular  rheumatism,  the  bacteria  apparently 
lodge  around  the  joints  and  there  is  great  pain, 
tenderness  and  swelling,  with  fever  and  sweat.  The 
joints  are  usually  affected,  one  after  the  other,  often 
in  rapid  succession. 

Chronic  rheumatism  develops  from  succeeding 
attacks  of  the  acute  disease,  which  lead  to  permanent 
changes*  in  the  tissues.  There  is  thickening  and 


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roughening  of  the  membranes,  ligaments  and  ends 
of  the  bones,  producing  more  or  less  stiffness  and 
deformity  of  the  joints,  with  painful  and  limited 
motion  of  the  limbs.  General  nutrition  is  hindered 
and  the  victim  becomes  a chronic  invalid. 

Muscular  rheumatism  is  a condition  in  which 
there  is  pain  and  difficulty  in  moving  the  muscles 
affected.  It  frequently  affects  the  large  muscles 
and  small  ligamentsi  of  the  back,  and  then  it  is 
called  lumbago.  In  addition  to  lumbago,  it  fre- 
quently affects  the  muscles  of  the  neck,  shoulders 
and  chcvSt.  The  greatest  danger  from  rheumatism 
is  that  it  may  affect  the  heart. 

The  treatment  for  rheumatism*  should  be  under 
the  direction  of  a physician.  Complete  rest  in  bed 
is  necessary.  The  affected  joints  should  be  en- 
veloped in  cotton  and  bandaged  and  placed  upon 
the  pillow.  Warm  baths  and  hot  air  baths  are 
beneficial.  Water  should  be  drunk  in  liberal 
quantities  and  the  diet  should  be  simple  but 
nutritious.  One  of  the  drugs  most  frequently  pre- 
scribed is  salicylic  acid.  Strong  drugs  and  patent 
medicines  for  rheumatism  should  be  avoided. 

RICKETS 

This  is  a condition  in  which  the  bones  are  soft, 
because  they  do  not  contain  enough  lime  salts. 
This  disease  is  usually  in  children  during  the.  first 
two  years  of  life.  The  appearance  of  the  teeth 
is  delayed ; the  long  bones  of  the  body  are  noticeably 
soft  and  tend  to  curve.  The  form  of  the  chest 
changes  by  increasing  in  diameter  from  the  front  to 
the  back  and  narrowing  from  side  to  side.  The 
forehead  is  often  bulging;  bow  legs  occur  usually. 

There  is  often  restlessness  at  night,  perspiration, 


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constipation,  and  an  increase  of  urine.  Sometimes 
there  is  diarrhea;  and  sometimes  coughing.  Con- 
vulsions are  sometimes  among  the  symptoms. 
Children  having  the  disease  are  disinclined  to  sit  up 
and  the  hair  tends  to  fall  out.  Rickets  are  usually 
due  to  improper  feeding  and  insanitary  surroundings. 

Plenty  of  nourishing  food,  and  keeping  the  patient 
out-of-doors  as  much  as  possible,  are  the  more  im- 
portant things  to  include  in  the  treatment.  Cod  liver 
oil  is  often  given.  Great  care  should  be  given 
to  the  matter  of  cleanliness,  sunlight  and  fresh  air. 

RINGWORM 

This  is  caused  by  a fungus  growing  upon  the 
skin.  It  appears  in  round  or  oval,  red  or  brown- 
ish, slightly  elevated,  scaly  patches.  The  disease 
is  contagious  and  may  be  communicated  from  one 
person  to  another  by  contact,  or  the  diseased 
patches  may  multiply  upon  the  same  person.  As 
the  disease  progresses  the  fine  scales  are  noticeable 
and  there  is  a tendency  to  heal  in  the  center  while 
the  fungus  spreads  at  the  edges. 

The  treatment  may  be  applications  of  tincture  of 
iodine : sometimes  two  or  three  applications  are  suf- 
ficient. When  the  disease  appears  upon  the  scalp 
it  penetrates  the  skin  to  the  roots  of  the  hairs,  which, 
becoming  brittle,  break  off  or  fall  out.  In  such 
cases  it  is  much  more  stubborn  and  more  difficult  to 
treat  successfully  and  requires  months  or  years  to 
effect  a cure. 

The  application  of  sulphur  ointment  is  sometimes 
effective.  If  the  disease  does  not  yield  promptly 
to  home  treatment  a physician  should  be  consulted, 
as  it  tends  to  become  chronic,  and  the  infection 
spreads. 


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SCARLET  FEVER 

This  is  a very  contagious  disease  among  children. 
There  is  a fine  scarlet  rash,  which  appears  upon  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  throat  and  spreads  over 
the  body  and  limbs.  The  cheeks  have  a peculiar 
bright  red  flush  and  there  is  apparently  paleness 
along  the  nose  and  upper  lip.  The  first  appearance 
of  the  eruption  is  upon  the  soft  palate  and  walls 
of  the  throat.  The  eyes  are  bright  and  there  is 
not  the  swollen  appearance  which  usually  goes 
with  measles.  The  tongue  is  coated  at  first,  and 
then  appears  bright  red  with  enlarged  papillae, 
known  as  the  strawberry  tongue.  The  symptoms 
also  include  headache,  sore  throat,  chilliness, 
nausea  and  fever.  Sometimes  the  first  symptom 
is  vomiting. 

In  mild  cases,  as  the  disease  disappears,  there  may 
be  very  little  scaling,  but  in  severe  cases  there  is 
considerable  inflammation  of  the  skin  and  the  upper 
layer  comes  off  in  sheets.  The  kidneys  are  often 
affected  in  the  later  stages  by  the  poisoning,  causing 
acute  inflammation  of  those  organs. 

The  patient  should  have  fluid  diet  during  the 
fever  period.  He  may  be  sponged  with  tepid  water 
daily.  Water  should  be  drunk  freely.  Cold  cream 
or  cacao  butter  may  be  applied  to  the  skin  following 
the  bath,  after  scaling  begins.  During  the  period  of 
recovery  it  is  important  to  still  restrict  the  diet  to 
simple  food. 

There  is  great  danger  of  complications,  including 
kidney  trouble  and  inflammation  of  the  middle  ear. 
Sometimes  there  is  loss  of  hearing.  Chronic  heart 
disease  is  also  among  the  possible  results  of  scarlet 
fever.  The  germs  of  the  disease  are  difficult  to 
exterminate  and  special  care  should  be  taken  in 


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the  matter  of  disinfection.  The  patient  should  be 
strictly  quarantined  and  all  treatment  should  be 
under  the  direction  of  a physician. 

SCROFULA 

A term  formerly  applied  to  a chronic  enlarge- 
ment of  one  or  more  lymphatic  glands,  now  known 
to  be  due  to  tubercular  infection.  It  occurs 
usually  in  childhood.  It  most  frequently  affects  the 
glands  of  the  neck.  The  child  is  usually  weak, 
anaemic,  perspires  freely,  and  may  suffer  from 
tubercular  conditions  of  the  long  bones.  The 
lymphatic  glands  affected  become  hard,  painless 
lumps.  Sometimes  they  gradually  disappear  and 
sometimes  they  gradually  soften  and  break  through 
the  skin  with  a puslike  discharge.  These  openings 
sometimes  remain  as  running  sores  for  a long  time. 
The  membranes  of  the  nose  and  ears  are  often 
affected,  and  deafness  may  result.  If  neglected, 
the  disease  is  likely  to  lead  to  tuberculosis  of  the 
lungs  or  other  vital  organs. 

The  treatment  should  consist  in  building  up  the 
system  and  the  diet  should  include  the  most  nutri- 
tious foods,  including  eggs,  milk  and  cream  in 
liberal  quantities.  Cod  liver  oil  is  also  given.  The 
patient  should  have  as  much  outdoor  air  as  pos- 
sible, and  a cold  sponge  bath  in  the  morning.  The 
infected  glands  should  be  removed  by  operation 
before  suppuration  results. 

SEA-SICKNESS 

It  is  due  to  a nervous  condition  caused  by  dis- 
turbance of  the  canals  in  the  inner  ear  which  are 
for  the  purpose  of  keeping  a person  in  equilibrium. 


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It  results  from  the  motion  of  the  ship  upon  the 
water.  The  symptoms  include  dizziness,  pallor, 
violent  nausea,  chilly  sensations,  prostration,  and 
vomiting. 

It  is  well  to  remain  on  deck  as  much  as  possible 
and  to  seek  fresh  air.  The  condition  of  the  mind  is 
important,  and  if  it  can  be  directed  away  from  the 
discomforting  thoughts  of  seasickness  and  fear 
of  the  disorder,  one  is  always  better.  In  taking  any 
medicine  for  seasickness  one  should  remember  that 
the  trouble  is  not  primarily  in  the  stomach,  and 
remedies  for  stomach  trouble  are  useless. 

SEXUAL  DISEASES 

Two  of  the  most  serious  diseases  from  which 
erring  mankind  suffers  in  this  world  are  results  of 
impure  sexual  relations.  They  are  called  gonorrhea 
and  syphilis.  These  diseases,  in  very  rare  instances, 
may  be  contracted  through  toilet  rooms,  barber 
shops,  soiled  towels  and  public  drinking  cups.  But 
infection,  as  a rule,  is  traced  to  intercourse  with 
some  person  suffering  from  the  disease  in  question. 

The  habitually  or  occasionally  impure  in  sex  re- 
lations are  almost  always  more  or  less  infected  with 
disease.  The  practice  of  promiscuous  intercourse 
leads  surely  and  often  immediately  to  this  painful 
penalty.  The  germs  of  sexual  diseases  are  so  virile 
that  exposure  to  them  is  almost  sure  to  cause 
trouble  and  to  remain  in  the  system  unless  sub- 
jected to  the  most  vigorous  and  thorough  treat- 
ment. These  diseases  are  exceedingly  distressing 
and  loathsome,  and  involve  some  of  the  most  deli- 
cate, sensitive  and  vital  organisms  of  the  body.  In 
advanced  stages  any  organ  may  become  involved. 
Insanity  often  results  from  this  cause.  No  state 
of  disease  is  more  pitiable. 


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Suffering  of  the  Innocent 

The  scriptural  declaration  that  the  sins  of  the 
fathers  shall  be  visited  upon  the  children  unto  the 
third  and  fourth  generations  is  literally  true.  Many 
innocent  wives  suffer  because  of  the  sins  of  their 
husbands,  and  their  children  and  children’s  children 
suffer  from  the  hereditary  taint.  This  is  the  cause 
of  many  physical  and  mental  wrecks,  so  born  into 
the  world.  Babies  frequently  become  blind  from 
infection  of  the  eyes  at  birth. 

Safety  from  these  diseases  lies  only  in  purity,  and 
caution  with  reference  to  things  by  which  infection 
might  be  carried  to  the  innocent. 

Good  Physician  Needed 

Upon  the  appearance  of  the  first  symptoms  of 
any  disease  of  the  sexual  organs  a good  physician 
should  be  consulted  at  once.  His  treatment  should 
be  followed  until  he  pronounces  the  disease  cured. 
No  experiment  should  be  made  with  home  treat- 
ment. Delay  and  wrong  treatment  contribute  to 
the  seriousness  of  the  case.  Never  consult  a quack 
doctor  who  advertises  to  cure  such  diseases.  Re- 
liable doctors  do  not  advertise.  The  ethics  of  the 
profession  forbid  the  publication  of  anything  more 
than  a simple  business  card.  The  people  who  ad- 
vertise are  swindlers. 

SHINGLES 

This  disease  is  a nervous  disorder  attended  by 
pain  and  eruption  of  the  skin  along  the  course  of 
a nerve  near  the  surface.  The  nerves  along  the  ribs 


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are  most  often  affected.  It  is  due  to  an  inflammation 
of  the  nerve  and  the  eruption  appears  with  burn- 
ing, itching,  pain,  and  numbness  along  the  course 
of  the  nerve  affected.  Sometimes  shingles  involves 
the  eye,  and  may  lead  to  blindness. 

The  treatment  should  include  rest,  warmth,  and 
the  use  of  soothing  applications. 

SMALLPOX 

An  infectious  disease  characterized  by  a serious 
eruption.  Although  it  somewhat  resembles 
chicken  pox  in  appearance  it  is  much  more  severe 
and  develops  from  papules  which  turn  to  vesicles 
and  then  to  pustules,  the  same  condition  prevailing 
throughout  wherever  the  eruption  appears  upon  the 
body,  and  there  never  is  a mixed  condition.  In 
chicken  pox  the  eruptive  condition  is  mixed,  and 
because  of  this  fact  it  is  comparatively  easy  to  dis- 
tinguish between  the  two  diseases.  Smallpox 
manifests  itself  first  by  severe  pain  in  the  back  and 
fever.  Then  the  eruption  first  appears  upon  the 
forehead,  spreading  over  the  body.  There  is  chill, 
fever  and  headache ; sometimes  stupor  and  delirium 
may  follow. 

The  development  of  the  disease  is  attended  by 
the  changes  in  the  eruption.  The  small,  hard 
papules  that  feel  like  bird  shot  under  the  skin 
finally  become  pustules,  which  tend  to  run  together. 
In  the  later  stages  weakness  of  the  heart  sometimes 
causes  death. 

The  treatment  should  include  rest,  coolness,  pure 
air,  softened  light,  and  cooling  beverages.  The  diet 
should  consist  of  fluid  foods.  The  mouth  should 
frequently  be  washed  out  with  a solution  of  boracic 
^cid,  and  the  skin  should  be  sponged  daily,  using 


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boracic  acid  solution  about  the  eyes  and  face.  Olive 
oil  or  vaseline  may  be  used  to  relieve  the  itching  as 
the  eruption  of  the  skin  dries. 

The  patient  should  be  quickly  quarantined,  and 
disinfectants  should  be  used  constantly  in  the  sick 
room.  Everything  with  which  the  patient  has  had 
to  do  should  be  destroyed  finally. 

Smallpox  usually  occurs  among  people  who  live 
in  insanitary  conditions  and  do  not  give  proper 
attention  to  cleanliness.  Cleanliness  is  an  im- 
portant precaution.  Vaccination  is  usually  a safe- 
guard from  the  disease  for  a period  of  five  years  or 
more,  although  it  does  not  give  absolute  immunity. 

SNAKE  BITES 

The  principal  poisonous  snakes  of  this  country 
are  the  rattlesnake,  the  American  moccasin  snake, 
and  the  copperhead.  Most  snakes  are  harmless. 
Snake  bites  are  dangerous  only  when  inflicted  by 
poisonous  snakes.  The  snake  forcibly  injects  into 
the  wound  through  the  hollow  or  grooved  fangs, 
its  venom.  If  the  wound  is  deep  it  enters  im- 
mediately into  the  system  through  the  blood,  and  so 
powerful  is  the  poison  that  sudden  physical  and 
mental  collapse  may  come  at  once.  If  the  wound 
is  slight  the  result  of  the  poison  comes  more  slowly 
and  effects  are  not  so  immediate. 

The  usual  symptoms  are  severe  pain  in  the  wound, 
swelling  and  discoloration  of  the  skin  around  it, 
muscular  weakness,  and  feeble,  rapid  pulse,  cold- 
ness of  the  extremities,  cold  perspiration,  headache, 
difficulty  in  breathing,  nausea,  and  if  the  result  is 
to  be  fatal,  convulsions,  unconsciousness  and  death. 
In  fatal  cases  the  swelling  spreads  extensively. 
Death  may  occur  in  an  hour  or  may  be  delayed 
for  several  days. 


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Vigorous  Treatment 

The  treatment  should  be  immediately  binding 
the  limb  that  has  been  wounded  above  the  wound, 
tying  as  tight  as  possible.  The  wound  may  be 
sucked,  if  there  are  no  abrasions  on  the  lips  or  in 
the  mouth.  It  is  usually  well  to  cut  out  around 
the  wound  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch.  Then 
a red  hot  iron,  live  coal  or  a solution  of  permanga- 
nate of  potassium  may  be  applied.  These  destroy 
the  tissues  which  contain  the  poison  and  the  poison 
itself. 

A solution  of  permanganate  of  potassium,  one 
grain  to  an  ounce  of  water,  may  be  injected  into 
the  flesh  around  the  bite  for  the  purpose  of  destroy- 
ing such  poison  as  may  be  found.  Lives  are  some- 
times saved  by  immediate  amputation  of  a bitten 
finger  or  toe.  Stimulants  should  be  given  to  encour- 
age the  heart  action.  In  the  case  of  children,  care 
should  be  taken  not  to  give  an  overdose  of  alcohol. 

In  India,  where  the  cobra  kills  so  many  people, 
immunity  has  been  secured  by  inoculation  with  the 
serum  from  animals  bitten  by  the  cobra.  A solu- 
tion of  chloride  of  lime  has  been  used  with  some 
success  hypodermically  for  cobra  bites  in  India. 
The  success  of  treating  snake  bites  depends  largely 
upon  immediate  action. 

SORE  THROAT 

A simple  sore  throat  may  sometimes  be  cured  by 
tying  around  the  throat  a handkerchief  wrung  out 
of  cold  water,  over  it  being  tied  a woolen  cloth, 
which  should  remain  overnight.  The  throat  should 
be  gargled  with  a solution  of  salt  and  water  or  some 
good  antiseptic,  such  as  dioxygen  or  listerine. 


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STINGS 

The  stings  of  bees  or  other  insects  cause  painful 
sensations.  The  treatment  should  include  the 
removal  of  the  sting  that  has  been  left  in  the  skin, 
and  a solution  of  washing  soda  or  ammonia  water 
may  be  applied.  Wet  clay  is  often  an  effective 
remedy. 

STRAW  ITCH 

An  eruptive  disease  of  the  skin,  caused  by  the 
attacks  of  a small  mite  that  infests  straw  and  grain. 
The  disease  is  new  to  American  physicians.  It  has 
been  reported  in  Indiana,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  Mary- 
land and  New  Jersey.  The  straw  itch  mite  per- 
forms a useful  service  by  preying  upon  certain  in- 
sect parasites  that  infest  straw  and  grain.  When 
the  mite  becomes  abundant  and  the  opportunity 
presents  itself,  it  attacks  the  laborers  in  the  field, 
or  the  men  engaged  in  threshing,  or,  perhaps,  some 
city  dweller  who  tries  to  sleep  on  a straw  mattress, 
the  contents  of  which  carry  the  mites. 

The  straw  itch  mite  is  kin  to  the  harvest  mites 
known  as  the  ^Ted  bug,’’  which  may  also  attack 
man,  and  to  the  common  itch  mite.  It  is  of  a yel- 
lowish-white color,  of  almost  microscopic  size. 
Unlike  the  common  itch  mite,  it  does  not  burrow 
in  the  skin,  but  attaches  itself  by  means  of  claws 
and  sucking  disks  with  which  the  feet  are  provided, 
and  while  attempting  to  obtain  nutriment  it  bores 
into  the  skin  and  injects  some  irritating  poisonous 
substance,  which  results  in  local  and  sometimes  con- 
stitutional symptoms  of  disease. 

There  is  severe  itching,  and  an  eruption  appears. 
A vesicle  forms,  surrounded  by  a circle  of  pink; 


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the  vesicle  is  usually  about  the  size  of  a pin  head. 
It  soon  becomes  a pustule.  The  eruption  is  most 
abundant  on  the  body,  and  appears  only  slightly  on 
the  face  and  extremities.  In  severe  cases  there  may 
be  chilliness,  nausea  and  vomiting,  followed  for  a 
few  days  by  a slight  increase  of  temperature.  In 
the  milder  cases,  there  may  be  only  a lack  of  ap- 
petite, or  there  may  be  no  constitutional  reaction  at 
all. 

Easy  to  Dislodge  Mites 

The  mite  is  easily  brushed  off  from  the  skin  or 
crushed.  As  soon  as  removed,  the  symptoms 
rapidly  disappear,  and  all  signs  of  eruption  will  fade 
away  in  a week  or  ten  days,  even  without  treatment. 
Where  the  cause  is  not  recognized,  the  patient  will 
continue  to  suffer  until  the  mites  have  all  hatched 
out  from  eggs  laid  upon  the  surface,  and  all  have 
died — a period  of  from  three  to  seven  weeks. 

In  treating  the  disease,  contact  with  suspected 
straw  or  grain  must  be  discontinued.  The  cloth- 
ing should  be  completely  changed.  Inasmuch  as 
the  mite  is  easily  brushed  from  the  surface,  it  is 
hardly  necessary  to  apply  any  preparation  to  kill 
it  there.  If  desired,  however,  a mild  sulphur  oint- 
ment answers  the  purpose.  For  the  eruptions,  mild 
alkaline  baths,  soda  and  water,  are  good;  or  some 
soothing  ointment,  such  as  zinc  oxide,  is  pre- 
scribed. 

Mites  remaining  in  the  clothing  that  has  been 
removed  do  not  survive  more  than  a day  without 
food;  airing  the  clothes  for  a day  or  two  is  suf- 
ficient to  free  them  from  danger.  The  mites  are 
easily  killed  by  heat  or  fumigation  with  sulphur  or 
formalin. 


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ST.  VITUS’  DANCE 

This  IS  a disease  of  the  nerves  which  causes 
twitching  of  the  muscles.  It  occurs  chiefly  among 
children.  In  many  cases  there  are  spasmodic  con- 
tractions of  the  muscles  of  the  body;  sometimes 
limited  to  one  side ; sometimes  on  both.  The  organs 
of  speech  are  affected  so  that  talking  is  difficult. 
There  may  be  weakness  of  the  limbs.  There  is 
danger  of  heart  trouble  as  a complication. 

The  patient  should  be  kept  very  quiet  and  stay 
in  bed  as  much  as  possible.  The  twitching  ceases 
during  sleep.  The  disease  is  likely  to  run  several 
months.  Drug  treatment  is  not  to  be  relied  upon 
for  cure,  although  there  is  a good  deal  of  benefit 
from  tonics  to  improve  the  blood.  Arsenic  and  iron 
are  prescribed. 

STYE 

« 

An  inflammation  of  the  fatty  tissue  of  the  eyelid 
close  to  its  border,  due  to  some  constitutional  con- 
dition. The  treatment  should  be  hot  applications, 
to  hasten  the  formation  of  pus,  and  incision  as  soon 
as  it  comes  to  a head.  Sties  are  likely  to  appear 
in  crops,  and  in  such  cases  internal  treatment 
should  be  prescribed  by  a physician. 

TONSILITIS 

Tonsilitis  is  an  inflammation  of  the  tonsils,  one 
or  both  tonsils  becoming  swollen  and  sensitive. 
There  is  some  fever,  and  pains  in  the  back  and  head. 
The  cause  is  an  infection  and  the  disease  is  more  or 
less  contagious.  The  germs  probably  enter  by  way 
of  the  mouth.  There  is  a simple  or  catarrhal  form 


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of  tonsilitis,  in  which  the  inflammation  usually  lasts 
only  a day  or  two.  In  a more  severe  form  white 
spots  appear  upon  the  tonsils,  caused  by  an  exuda- 
tion from  them  and  the  presence  of  bacteria.  There 
is  high  fever,  a feeling  of  weakness  and  loss  of 
appetite.  The  more  severe  forms  of  tonsilitis  may 
lead  to  the  development  of  abscesses,  which  are 
known  as  quincy  sores.  Such  abscesses  should  be 
opened,  otherwise  there  is  danger  of  blood  poison- 
ing. Recovery  is  slow,  because  of  the  weakness 
produced  by  the  disease. 

The  treatment  for  tonsilitis  should  consist  of  the 
prompt  administration  of  a cathartic,  gargling  or 
spraying  the  throat  with  some  alkaline  antiseptic, 
dioxygen  being  especially  good  for  this  purpose. 
Cold  applications  should  be  placed  around  the 
throat.  Solid  foods  should  be  avoided. 

TOOTHACHE 

Most  of  the  troubles  with  teeth  are  due  to  decay, 
which  is  caused  by  certain  bacteria  that  produce 
acids  having  the  effect  of  dissolving  the  mineral 
substances  which  give  the  teeth  their  hardness. 
Holes  in  the  teeth  expose  the  inner  sensitive  pulp; 
inflammation  follows,  and  there  is  intense  pain.  The 
inflammation  is  due  to  bacteria  that  may  extend  the 
trouble  to  the  formation  of  an  abscess  beneath  the 
cavity  of  the  tooth. 

Any  trouble  with  the  teeth  requires  the  immedi- 
ate attention  of  a dentist.  It  is  important  that  the 
teeth  should  be  kept  clean  and  that  frequent  anti- 
septic preparations  should  be  used  to  destroy  the 
bacteria  that  make  trouble  in  the  teeth.  As  soon 
as  a cavity  is  discovered,  it  should  be  scraped  free 
of  the  diseased  matter  and  filled  with  enamel, 
cement,  gold  or  amalgam. 


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There  are  many  preparations  used  to  relieve 
toothache;  none  of  them  can  be  relied  upon  to  stop 
it  altogether  so  long  as  the  tooth  is  in  a diseased 
condition.  Toothache  may  sometimes  be  relieved 
by  filling  the  cavity  with  a little  antiseptic  cotton 
which  has  been  saturated  with  oil  of  cloves,  essence 
of  peppermint,  creosote,  chloroform  or  menthol. 
Sometimes  it  may  be  relieved  by  painting  the  gum 
next  to  the  tooth  with  iodine. 

An  abscess  should  be  opened  immediately  by  a 
dentist  or  physician.  The  old  idea  that  an  ulcer- 
ated tooth  must  not  be  extracted  is  a mistaken  one. 
The  sooner  such  a tooth  is  removed  the  better. 

TRICHINIASIS 

A disease  caused  by  a wormlike  parasite  called 
trichina.  It  enters  the  system  through  eating  raw 
or  partially  cooked  pork  which  contains  the  spores 
of  the  parasite.  The  spore  is  inclosed  in  a cover- 
ing that  opens  in  the  stomach,  and  when  it  is  free 
it  passes  into  the  intestines,  where  it  grows  to  full 
size,  and  from  the  female  parasite  trichinae  multiply 
very  rapidly.  They  make  their  way^  through  the 
wall  of  the  intestine  and  enter  the  tissues  of  the 
body.  They  lodge  in  the  muscles  and  coil  up  in 
spiral  form,  where  they  become  incrusted  with  a 
lime  formation.  They  lodge  chiefly  in  the  muscles 
of  the  neck  and  upper  part  of  the  body. 

A few  days  after  eating  infected  pork  one  suf- 
fers from  internal  disturbances,  including  nausea, 
pains  and  usually  diarrhea.  Later,  constipation 
sets  in.  As  the  parasites  pass  through  the  walls  of 
the  intestine  and  into  the  muscles  pains  increase, 
then  stiffness  of  the  muscles,  soreness,  eruptions  of 
the  skin  and  insomnia.  Trichinae  often  cause  death. 

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nature,  after  the  parasites  have  made  their  way  into 
the  muscles.  Before  they  leave  the  intestine  it  is 
sometimes  possible  to  prevent  further  trouble  by 
the  use  of  purges  and  vermifuges.  Cooking  meat 
kills  trichinae,  and  it  is  never  safe  to  eat  pork  unless 
it  has  been  cooked.  Raw  pork,  either  fresh  or 
smoked,  is  liable  to  be  infected  and  dangerous. 

TUMOR 

An  unnatural  growth  or  enlargement  of  an  organ 
or  part  of  the  body  through  the  formation  of  new 
tissues  which  are  of  no  use  to  the  system.  There 
are  two  general  kinds  of  tumors,  known  as  benign 
and  malignant.  The  benign  tumor  usually  grows 
slowly,  separating  the  tissues  around  it  as  it  in- 
creases in  size.  It  is  surrounded  by  distinct  con- 
nective tissues,  so  that  it  is  within  a capsule,  usually, 
and  may  be  taken  out  of  this  with  no  disturbance 
to  the  surrounding  tissue  except  at  the  place  of  in- 
cision, and  such  a tumor  will  not  return. 

Some  of  the  less  serious  benign  tumors  appear 
upon  the  skin,  such  as  warts,  and  are  successfully 
treated  with  caustics. 

The  seriousness  of  the  tumor  depends  not  only 
upon  its  kind,  but  upon  its  location.  For  instance, 
many  benign  tumors  are  so  located  that  they  are 
inconvenient  simply  because  of  their  size  and 
weight,  while  others  may  be  located  either  within 
or  close  to  vital  internal  organs  and  thus  cause  pain 
and  be  very  dangerous.  A passage  of  the  body  may 
be  closed  by  the  formation  of  a tumor. 

Destructive  Growths 

Malignant  tumors  grow  more  rapidly  than  be- 
nign tumors  and  penetrate  the  substance  of  the 
surrounding  tissues,  displacing  the  healthy  cells 


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with  destructive  tissue,  thus  destroying  muscle, 
fat,  blood  vessels,  nerves,  bones  and  skin,  which  are 
replaced  by  the  tumor  tissue.  There  is  a great  in- 
crease in  the  supply  of  blood,  drawn  by  the  rapid 
growth  of  the  tumor.  The  spread  of  the  disease 
may  lead  to  decomposition,  and  there  is  danger  of 
infection  and  ulceration.  The  more  destructive 
tumors  are  called  cancers. 

In  all  cases  the  removal  of  malignant  tumors  is 
liable  to  be  followed  by  a return  of  the  disease. 
The  ulcerated  surface  of  a tumor  is  always  liable  to 
absorb  bacterial  poison  and  serious  bleeding  may 
also  result.  Tissues  of  an  organ  may  be  destroyed 
by  the  tumor  tissue  so  as  to  cause  death.  But 
more  often  death  results  simply  from  exhaustion 
due  to  the  progress  of  the  disease. 

When  any  lump  or  enlargement  appears  it  should 
be  regarded  with  suspicion  and  a physician  or  sur- 
geon should  be  seen  as  soon  as  possible.  A tumor 
may  be  removed  when  small  with  comparatively 
little  danger,  while  later  the  operation  would  be 
difficult  and  dangerous.  The  danger  of  a return  of 
the  trouble  is  less  when  the  removal  occurs  in  the 
early  stages,  than  after  considerable  development 
of  the  tumor.  In  all  cases  of  malignant  tumors 
their  removal  is  liable  to  be  followed  by  a return 
of  the  disease.  There  is  no  known  remedy  for 
tumors  of  the  malignant  type  recognized  by  the 
medical  profession  except  removal  of  the  growth. 

TYPHOID  FEVER 

A disease  of  the  intestines  caused  by  germs  that 
usually  enter  the  body  in  water  or  milk.  The  germs 
infect  the  glands  in  the  lower  part  of  the  small  in- 
testine, causing  inflammation  and  swelling,  fol- 


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lowed  by  ulceration,  sometimes  hemorrhage,  and 
occasionally  perforation  of  the  bowel.  Toxins  are 
produced  by  growth  of  the  germs,  causing  high 
fever,  prostration,  and  general  poisoning. 

The  first  symptoms  of  typhoid  fever  are  a gen- 
eral feeling  of  illness,  loss  of  appetite,  severe  head- 
ache and  fever,  gradually  growing  higher  each 
day,  for  the  first  week.  The  temperature  is  lowest 
in  the  morning  and  gradually  rises  until  night,  re- 
mains practically  stationary  during  the  night,  and 
the  next  morning  gradually  begins  rising  again. 
There  is  sometimes  nose  bleed  among  the  early 
symptoms.  Delicate  rose-colored  spots  about  the 
size  of  a pinhead  appear  upon  the  chest  and 
abdomen,  at  about  the  end  of  the  first  week.  There 
is  tenderness  and  distention  of  the  abdomen  and 
diarrhea.  There  may  be  periods  of  delirium.  The 
fever  runs  high  and  usually  for  about  three  weeks, 
when  it  begins  to  decrease  gradually,  disappearing 
at  the  end  of  another  week,  as  a rule. 

Nursing  of  First  Importance 

The  treatment  should  include  first  of  all  careful 
nursing,  which  is  the  most  important  thing  through- 
out the  period  of  illness.  There  should  be  frequent 
bathing  to  reduce  the  fever.  Large  quantities  of 
water  should  be  given  to  drink.  There  should  be  a 
carefully  selected  diet,  avoiding  milk.  The  weakened 
condition  of  the  heart  and  all  the  muscles  makes  it 
especially  necessary  that  the  patient  remain  very 
quiet  during  the  period  of  convalescence,  and  great 
care  should  be  taken  in  the  matter  of  diet. 

TYPHUS  FEVER 

A disease  that  is  usually  found  only  among  per- 
sons who  live  under  insanitary  conditions,  but  the 


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exact  cause  of  it  is  not  yet  known.  The  first  symp- 
toms are  headache,  pains  in  the  limbs,  lassitude,  fol- 
lowed by  chills  and  fever,  and  vomiting.  Then  there 
are  severe  headaches  and  often  stupor  or  delirium. 
One  of  the  manifestations  of  the  disease  is  rash, 
resembling  that  of  typhoid,  but  more  extensive  and 
darker,  which  spreads  over  the  entire  body,  begin- 
ning the  second  or  third  day.  The  spots  are  the 
result  of  bleeding  under  the  skin. 

During  the  second  week  the  fever  usually  de- 
clines and  the  rash  fades  and  recovery  begins.  Re- 
covery follows  in  the  majority  of  cases,  but  some- 
times brain  trouble  and  the  effects  of  the  high  fever 
prove  fatal. 

The  treatment  should  be  similar  to  that  for 
typhoid  fever,  and  should  be  directed  with  especial 
reference  to  heart  stimulation. 

VARICOSE  VEINS 

Varicose  veins  appear  as  enlargement  of  the 
superficial  veins,  usually  of  the  leg.  They  occur 
most  often  in  persons  who  have  to  stand  a great 
deal,  or  after  long  walks,  like  forced  marches  of  an 
army,  and  may  develop  during  pregnancy.  The 
veins  increase  in  length  as  well  as  diameter,  and 
appear  in  twisted  cordlike  masses,  sometimes  nearly 
the  entire  length  of  the  leg.  There  is  a feeling  of 
fullness  or  pain  in  the  leg,  and  sometimes  severe 
cramp  in  the  muscles.  Congestion  results  in  an  un- 
healthy condition  of  the  skin,  which  breaks  down 
into  ulcers  that  require  special  treatment  to  heal. 

Treatment  for  varicose  veins  consists  in  rest  and 
efforts  to  improve  the  circulation  and  reduce  the 
size  of  the  dilated  veins,  and  an  elastic  stocking 
made  to  fit  the  limb  is  sometimes  worn  during  the 


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day  and  removed  at  night.  In  bad  cases  an  opera- 
tion to  remove  the  dilated  vein  may  be  necessary. 

WHOOPING  COUGH 

This  disease  is  contagious  and  epidemic  in  child- 
hood, and  manifests  itself  by  a spasmodic  cough, 
ending  with  the  characteristic  long-drawn  inspira- 
tion called  the  whoop.  The  first  symptom  usually 
is  that  of  a common  cold  in  the  head,  with  a chronic 
cough.  The  peculiar  cough  of  the  disease  then 
develops.  There  are  intervals  when  the  child  is 
apparently  well,  but  the  coughing  spells  occur  fre- 
quently. The  child  becomes  red  in  the  face  and 
almost  strangles,  and  the  coughing  frequently  ends 
in  vomiting. 

The  disease  runs  about  two  months  usually,  and 
then  gradually  passes  away.  Children  under  a year 
old  are  especially  in  danger  of  complications  from 
bronchitis,  leading  to  broncho-pneumonia. 

The  treatment  should  include  a simple  diet,  fresh 
air  night  and  day,  avoiding  conditions  that  might 
cause  taking  cold,  and  special  treatment  should  be 
given  under  the  direction  of  a physician. 

WORMS 

Intestinal  parasites  or  worms  are  frequent  causes 
of  disturbing  conditions  in  children.  The  symp- 
toms are  derangement  of  the  digestive  organs,  ner- 
vousness, restlessness  at  night  and  grinding  of  the 
teeth  in  sleep,  picking  of  the  nose,  and  rolling  of 
the  head. 

Round  worms,  which  are  about  three  inches  long, 
are  sometimes  discharged  by  administering  drugs 
which  may  be  safely  used  by  a physician.  Thread 
worms  or  pin  worms  are  attached  to  the  lower  part 


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of  the  large  intestine.  Symptoms  of  their  presence 
include  itching  sensations  in  that  region.  They  are 
best  removed  by  injecting  eight  ounces  of  an  in- 
fusion of  quassia,  each  morning,  having  it  retained 
half  an  hour. 

One  of  the  most  troublesome  of  the  intestinal 
parasites  is  the  tapeworm,  which  is  very  long.  It 
is  usual  for  only  a few  segments  of  the  worm  to  be 
discharged  at  one  time,  leaving  the  head  attached 
to  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  intestine.  So  long 
as  this  remains  new  segments  form,  and  the  tape- 
worm lives  on. 

In  order  to  discharge  the  head,  the  patient  is 
made  to  fast  for  12  hours,  overnight,  and  in  the 
morning  a preparation  of  pomegranate  root  in 
sweetened  water  is  administered.  An  hour  or  two 
later  a cathartic  should  be  given,  which  will  dis- 
charge the  tapeworm,  including  the  head. 

WENS 

A small,  ball-like  formation  of  fat  under  the  scalp 
caused  by  some  obstruction  of  the  outlets  of  the 
surface  of  glands  in  the  skin.  They  are  usually 
quite  small,  but  sometimes  are  large  enough  to  be 
unsightly.  There  is  danger  of  their  becoming  in- 
fected and  developing  inflammation.  They  should 
be  removed  by  surgical  operation,  which  is  simple, 
because  the  wen  lies  just  beneath  the  skin. 

YELLOW  FEVER 

A disease  of  warm  climates.  It  is  caused  by  a 
germ  spread  by  a certain  kind  of  mosquito.  The  first 
symptom  is  a chill,  followed  by  moderate  fever. 
The  pulse  is  weak  and  usually  not  over  100  a 
minute.  Nausea  and  vomiting  are  persistent,  es- 
pecially in  fatal  cases.  Hemorrhages  occur  from 


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various  organs,  including  the  stomach  and  bowels. 

The  treatment  is  first  mild  laxatives,  followed  by 
light  stimulants  and  quinine.  Cleanliness  and  quiet 
are  essential.  The  patient’s  bed  should  be  screened 
from  mosquitos  to  prevent  them  from  carrying  the 
disease  to  other  individuals. 

The  preventive  measures  employed  include 
cleanliness  and  thorough  drainage,  pouring  kero- 
sene oil  upon  stagnant  water  in  the  neighborhood, 
and  thoroughly  screening  to  keep  out  mosquitos. 

PERIODS  OF  INFECTION 

Table  showing  the  number  of  days  that  may 
elapse  between  exposure  to  an  infectious  disease 
and  the  time  when  the  first  symptoms  of  the  disease 
appear — called  the  period  of  incubation ; the  num- 
ber of  days  that  the  disease  is  likely  to  run;  and 
the  number  of  days  during  which  there  is  danger 
of  communicating  the  disease  to  another  person. 
The  sign  + means  that  the  period  of  infection  may 
extend  beyond  the  time  indicated,  because  certain 
conditions  attending  the  disease  persist. 


Chicken  pox 

Incubation 

period 

10  to  16 

Period  of 
illness 

3 to  7 

Infective 

period 

21  to  28 

Diphtheria  

2 to  12 

10  to  14 

21  to  28-i- 

Erysipelas  . . ' 

I to  8 

4 to  6 

12  to  16 

German  measles  . . . 

7 to  21 

3 to  7 

21 

Grippe  

1 to  7 

3 to  14 

3 to  14 

Infantile  paralysis  . . 

4 to  28 

10  to  28 

28 

Measles  

10  to  14 

7 to  8 

21  + 

Mumps 

10  to  22 

3 to  7 

21  to  28+ 

Scarlet  fever 

I to  10 

7 to  14 

42+ 

Smallpox  

7 to  16 

12  to  16 

28  to  56+ 

Typhoid  fever  

7 to  21 

14  to  28 

14  to  284* 

Whooping  cough  . . 

7 to  14 

42  to  56 

35  to  56+ 

MORE  ABOUT  HYGIENE 


CONSUMPTION  CURED  WHILE  WORKING 

Probably  no  disease  has  received  so  much  atten- 
tion during  the  last  quarter  century  as  consump- 
tion, and,  fortunately,  the  results  have  been  very 
encouraging.  Tuberculosis  is  no  longer  regarded 
as  the  hopelessly  fatal  malady  that  it  seemed  to 
be  years  ago,  the  death  rate  having  decreased  one- 
half  during  the  past  generation.  The  reason  for 
it  does  not  lie  in  any  newly  discovered  medicine  or 
in  any  method  of  administering  medicines  new  or 
old.  There  is  probably  hardly  a person  living  in 
the  United  States  who  has  not  many  times  had 
within  his  body  the  germs  of  tuberculosis.  The 
reason  that  we  do  not  all  die  of  the  disease  is  that 
elements  within  the  body  and  the  elements  of  nature 
combine  to  destroy  the  germs  of  the  disease  and  to 
fortify  the  organs  and  the  tissues  of  the  body 
against  their  attacks.  Three  important  things  are 
involved  in  the  cure  of  consumption.  The  first  is 
pure  outdoor  air;  the  second  is  rest;  and  the  third 
ample  nourishment. 

Long  ago  it  was  discovered  that  persons  going 
from  one  locality  to  another  sometimes  recovered 
from  consumption  if  the  change  was  made  during 
the  early  stages  of  the  disease.  In  such  cases  the 
change  was  usually  from  bad  air  and  close  quar- 
ters to  good  air  and  plenty  of  it  out  of  doors.  But 
against  the  record  of  such  cures  has  been  a long, 
sad  record  of  disappointment  and  death  far  from 
home  and  among  unpleasant  surroundings.  For 


234 


A Friend  Worth  While 

Make  friends  with  the  colts  and  other  healthful  and  active 
domestic  animals.  Their  healthfulness  and  natural  play  spiri 
is  contagious.  Many  have  found  better  health  with  a good  hors( 
on  the  farm. 


Like  the  Way  of  Health 

The  highwa}’'  of  health  leads  always  straight  away.  It  lies 
under  clear  skies  in  the  bright  sunshine  and  fresh  air.  On  either 
hand  verdant  grass  and  trees,  and  all  of  life-filled  and  life-giv- 
ing nature  add  their  impulse  and  their  sustaining  vitality.  The 
way  may  be  rough,  and  often  is  up  steep  places,  but  it  is  always 
straight  ahead. 


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235 


instance,  many  have  heard  that  consumption  could 
be  cured  by  going  into  the  deserts  of  Arizona. 
Many  a man  has  gone  there,  sent  by  unwise  rela- 
tives and  advisers,  to  seek  health  by  roughing  it. 
Without  sufficient  money  or  strength  to  success- 
fully meet  conditions,  the  unfortunate  victim  has 
suffered  from  homesickness,  exposure  and  lack  of 
proper  nourishment,  with  fatal  results.  Many 
cures  have  been  accomplished  in  sanitariums,  which 
are  often  at  a considerable  distance  from  the  home 
of  the  consumptive.  It  may  be  quite  expensive  to 
go  to  such  an  institution,  and  this  expense  may  be 
beyond  one’s  resources.  Then,  too,  the  consump- 
tive may  be  the  mainstay  of  a dependent  family, 
and  to  leave  home  seems  to  be  out  of  the  question. 

Home  Cure  for  Workers 

It  is  to  meet  such  conditions  that  extensive  ex- 
periments have  been  undertaken  by  tuberculosis 
experts.  The  results  have  been  remarkably  suc- 
cessful. The  purpose  is  to  treat  patients  while  they 
are  at  home  and  continue  their  regular  work.  It  is, 
of  course,  important  to  begin  the  treatment  just  as 
soon  as  symptoms  of  tuberculosis  can  be  discov- 
ered, if  possible.  There  should  always  be  a sharp 
lookout  for  symptoms  of  the  disease,  and,  if  sus- 
pected, a good  doctor  can  find  out  whether  or  not 
tuberculosis  is  present  by  the  very  simple  blood 
test  which  is  now  used.  The  treatment  is  vigor- 
ous, but  the  results  are  so  gratifying  and  positive 
that  it  should  be  attractive  rather  than  otherwise. 

Sleep  in  Open  Air 

First  of  all,  the  tuberculosis  doctor  insists  that 
the  consumptive  must  sleep  in  the  open  air.  If  it 


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is  not  feasible  to  provide  an  open  porch  upon  which 
to  sleep,  the  alternative  is  to  remove  the  windows 
of  the  sleeping  room  during  the  night.  Of  course, 
protection  from  storm  must  be  provided,  but  it  is 
essential  that  there  should  be  full  and  free  circula- 
tion of  the  outer  air  for  the  patient  to  breathe. 

Overheated  Living  Rooms 

Another  reform  in  the  daily  habits  is  that  of 
lowering,  the  temperature  of  houses  and  places  of 
business.  It  is  said  that  most  people  maintain  a 
tropical  jungle  atmosphere  in  their  houses.  This 
is  very  harmful,  and  has  its  effect  in  the  prevalence 
of  disease.  The  intense  heat  takes  the  moisture 
out  of  the  air,  and  it  then  becomes  irritating  to  the 
mucous  membranes  and  enervating  to  the  whole 
system.  The  temperature  of  living  rooms  should 
not  be  above  65  degrees,  and  not  only  should  higher 
temperature  be  avoided,  but  special  care  should  be 
given  to  the  matter  of  ventilation  in  order  that  the 
air  may  be  pure. 

Daily  Cold  Bath 

Some  of  the  best  doctors  lay  much  stress  upon 
the  daily  cold  bath.  In  the  incipient  cases  of  con- 
sumption experience  seems  to  prove  that  it  is  highly 
beneficial.  Sluggishness  of  circulation  through  the 
skin  accompanies  tuberculosis.  General  elimina- 
tion becomes  imperfect.  The  stimulus  and  cleanli- 
ness of  the  daily  bath  count  toward  recovery. 

For  some  persons  the  cold  bath,  if  taken  without 
milder  baths  leading  up  to  it,  during  a reasonable 
period  of  time,  may  be  positively  dangerous,  but 
this  is  not  true  of  most  persons.  A cold  bath 


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237 


quickly  taken,  followed  by  a brisk  rub,  is  invigorat- 
ing, and  not  only  tones  up  the  surface  of  the  body 
but  helps  to  tone  up  the  entire  system.  All  of  this 
is  in  the  line  of  hardening  and  making  the  body,  its 
tissues  and  organs,  more  vigorous.  The  greater  the 
success  attained  in  this  direction  the  more  com- 
pletely is  the  body  fortified  against  disease,  and  the 
more  completely  are  the  bacteria  of  disease  repelled. 

Abundant  Nourishment 

The  successful  treatment  of  incipient  consump- 
tion requires  an  abundance  of  nourishing  food.  The 
digestive  organs  should  not  be  loaded  down  with 
rich  foods,  highly  seasoned  and  difficult  to  digest, 
otherwise  digestion  will  be  impaired.  The  food 
should  be  plain  and  easily  digested,  including  coarse 
breads  and  cereals  in  various  forms,  mature  meats 
not  overcooked,  all  the  good  milk  that  one  can  drink 
and  plenty  of  good  vegetables  and  fruit. 

Outdoor  exercise  and  deep  breathing  should  be 
made  a daily  habit,  and  clothes  enough  for  comfort, 
but  no  more  than  is  really  necessary  for  protection, 
should  be  worn.  Care  should  be  taken  to  avoid 
chilling  and  taking  cold. 

If  one  is*  able  to  work,  he  can  follow  this  treat- 
ment without  in  the  least  interfering  with  his  regu- 
lar everyday  duties.  Many  have  done  so,  and  with- 
out losing  time  from  their  work  or  being  to  the 
expense  that  would  be  involved  in  the  same  treat- 
ment at  a sanitarium,  have  been  cured  of  consump- 
tion permanently. 

Limitations 

It  must  not  be  understood  that  everyone  suffer- 
ing from  tuberculosis,  even  in  the  comparatively 


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early  stages,  will  be  able  to  work  all  day  under  in- 
sanitary conditions  and  recover,  although  following 
these  directions.  It  is  always  best  to  put  one's  self 
into  the  hands  of  a competent  physician,  who  should 
be  able  to  judge  whether  the  victim  can  continue 
his  daily  duties  or  must  give  up  work  for  a time. 

GENERAL  BOOTH'S  LONGEVITY  RECIPE 

The  aged  founder  and  commander-in-chief  of  the 
Salvation  Army  says: 

Eat  as  little  as  possible.  The  average  man  eats 
too  much.  Instead  of  nourishing  the  body,  he  over- 
taxes it,  compelling  his  stomach  to  digest  more  food 
than  it  has  capacity  for. 

Drink  plenty  of  water  in  preference  to  adulter- 
ated concoctions.  Water  is  wholesome  nourish- 
ment. 

Take  exercise.  It  is  just  as  foolish  to  develop 
the  mind  and  not  the  body  as  it  is  to  develop  the 
body  and  not  the  mind.  Perform  some  manual 
labor ; dig,  walk,  chop  wood,  or,  if  you  can  talk  with 
your  whole  body,  why  then  talk;  but  do  it  with 
all  your  might. 

Have  a system,  but  do  not  be  a slave  of  the  sys- 
tem. If  my  hour  to  rise  is  8 a.  m.,  and  at  that  time 
I haven't  had  sufficient  rest  I take  a longer  time. 

Do  not  fill  your  life  with  a lot  of  silly  and  sordid 
pleasures,  so  that  when  you  come  to  die  you  will 
find  you  have  not  really  lived. 

Abstain  from  indulgences  which  overtax  the  body 
and  injure  not  only  yourself,  but  the  generations 
that  come  after  you. 

Have  a purpose  in  life  that  predominates  above 
all  else,  that  is  beneficent  to  those  about  you,  and 
not  to  your  own  greedy  self  alone.  If  there  is  one 


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239 


thing  for  which  I am  glad,  it  is  that  I have  found  a 
purpose  which  involves  not  me  alone,  but  all- 
humanity. 

HORACE  FLETCHER’S  RULES  FOR  EATING 

1.  Eat  only  in  response  to  an  actual  appetite 
which  will  be  satisfied  with  plain  bread  and  butter. 

2.  Chew  all  the  solid  food  until  it  is  liquid  and 
practically  swallows  itself. 

3.  Sip  and  taste  all  liquids  that  have  taste,  such 
as  soup  and  lemonade.  Water  has  no  taste  and  can 
be  swallowed  immediately. 

4.  Never  taste  food  while  angry  or  worried,  and 
only  when  calm.  Waiting  for  the  mood  in  connec- 
tion with  the  appetite  is  a speedy  cure  for  both 
anger  and  worry. 

Remember  and  practice  these  four  rules  and 
your  teeth  and  health  will  be  fine. 

HEART  FAILURE  FROM  OVEREATING 

The  heart  is  about  as  perfect  an  organ  as  any  in 
the  body,  and  one  that  rarely  shirks  its  duty.  It 
commences  its  labors  during  early  infancy,  and 
goes  on  until  the  last  moment  of  life,  without  in- 
termission for  75  years  or  more.  At  every  beat  it 
propels  two  ounces  of  blood  through  its  structure. 
At  75  pulsations  a minute,  nine  pounds  of  blood 
are  sucked  in  and  pumped  out.  Every  hour,  540 
pounds ; every  day  12,960  pounds;  every  year  4,730,- 
400  pounds;  every  100  years  473,040,000  pounds. 

Now,  the  heart  has  for  a neighbor  an  organ,  the 
stomach,  very  fond  of  self-indulgence.  The  stomach 
lies  directly  under  the  heart  with  only  the  diaphragm 
between,  and  when  it  fills  with  gas  it  is  like  a small 


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balloon,  and  lifts  up  until  it  interferes  directly  with 
the  heart’s  action.  The  stomach  never  generates 
gas,  but  when  filled  with  undigested  food  fermenta- 
tion takes  place  and  gas  is  formed.  The  interference 
depends  upon  the  amount  of  gas  in  the  stomach. 

To  overcome  this  obstruction,  the  heart  has  to 
exert  itself  in  proportion  to  the  interference,  more 
blood  is  sent  to  the  brain,  and  the  following  symp- 
toms are  the  result:  A dizzy  head,  a flushed  face, 
loss  of  sight,  spots  or  blurs  before  the  eyes,  flashes 
of  light,  zigzag  lines  or  chains,  etc.,  often  followed 
by  severe  headache.  These  symptoms  are  usually 
relieved  when  the  gas  is  expelled  from  the  stomach. 

Now,  when  this  upward  pressure  upon  the  heart 
becomes  excessive,  more  dangerous  symptoms 
supervene,  a large  quantity  of  blood  is  sent  to  the 
brain,  some  vessel  ruptures,  and  a blood  clot  in  the 
brain  is  the  result,  and  the  person  dies  of  apoplexy, 
or,  if  he  lives,  is  a cripple  for  life.  When  a sick  per- 
son, or  an  old  one,  or  one  with  feeble  digestion 
sleeps,  digestion  is  nearly  or  quite  suspended,  but 
fermentation  goesi  on,  and  gas  is  generated  as  be- 
fore stated.  A man  is  found  dead  in  bed  and  the 
physician  says  he  had  heart  failure.  The  heart 
failed  from  overloading  just  as  a horse  might  do. 

Again,  a man  is  sick  with  typhoid  fever  or  pneu- 
monia, or  almost  any  other  disease,  and  dies  of  heart 
failure ; but  what  has  his  diet  been  during  the  sick- 
ness? At  present  it  is  very  fashionable  to  com- 
mence with  what  might  well  be  called  the  stuffing 
process.  Iced  milk,  which  is  so  cool  and  grateful 
to  the  patient,  from  three  pints  to  one  gallon  during 
the  day  and  night.  How  unwise ! 

Moral : If  you  don’t  want  to  have  your  heart 

fail  don’t  abuse  it,  don’t  overload  it. — {^Journal  of 
Hygiene, 


The  Conservation  of  Human  Life 

The  movement  in  behalf  of  the  conservation  of 
the  natural  resources  of  the  country  has 
naturally  led  to  consideration  of  the  greater  prob- 
lem of  national  efficiency.  This  depends,  not  only  on 
physical  environment,  but  on  social  environment, 
and  most  of  all  on  human  vitality.  The  govern- 
ment has  had  special  investigation  made  along  this 
line,  and  through  the  National  Conservation  Com- 
mission, Prof.  Irving  Fisher  of  Yale  University, 
a member  of  the  commission,  has  made  an  impor- 
tant report  on  National  Vitality:  Its  Wastes  and 
Conservation.  We  quote  from  the  report: 

CONSERVATION  THROUGH  HYGIENE 

Personal  hygiene  is  not  only  of  direct  importance 
to  the  individual,  but  furnishes  the  public  opinion 
from  which,  and  from  which  alone,  sound  public 
and  semi-public  hygiene  can  spring.  Public 
hygiene  will  be  ineffective  unless  supported  by  per- 
sonal hygiene.  The  milk  and  water  supply  of  a 
city  may  be  ideal  as  supplied  at  a dwelling,  but 
may  be  carelessly  contaminated  there.  Observa- 
tion shows  that  many  of  the  world’s  most  vital 
men  and  women  have  practiced  hygiene  and  often 
thereby  turned  weak  constitutions  into  strong  ones. 

Personal  hygiene  comprises  hygiene  of  environ- 
ment (air,  soil,  dwellings,  clothing),  hygiene  of 
nutrition,  and  hygiene  of  activity.  The  ideal  con- 
ditions of  health  require  purity  in  air,  purity  and 
proper  use  of  food,  and  a proper  balance  between 
mental  and  physical  activity,  rest  and  sleep.  The 
present  world-wide  interest  in  personal  hygiene 


241 


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and  physical  education  is  not  due  to  any  startling 
discoveries,  but  to  rediscovery  of  importance  of 
truths  long  insisted  upon  by  the  medical  profession. 

The  Hygiene  of  Environment 

The  prime  factor  in  environment  is  the  atmos- 
phere. Originally  man  was  doubtless  an  outdoor 
animal.  Civilization  has  brought  him  an  indoor 
environment,  and  with  it  tuberculosis.  Experi- 
ments in  hospitals  have  shown  that  the  agitation 
of  the  air  by  dry  sweeping  greatly  increases  bac- 
teria. Air  in  a confined  room  may  be  contaminated 
by  chemicals  in  wallpaper,  plaster  or  mortar. 

The  one  place  in  which  the  individual  has  the 
most  control  over  his  air  supply  is  the  bedroom. 
The  fashion  now  of  sleeping  with  wide-open 
windows,  or  even  out-of-doors,  is  certain  to  im- 
prove American  vitality.  The  windows  of  living 
and  work  rooms  also  may  be  open  even  in  winter 
if  a window  board  is  used  to  deflect  the  air  upward 
and  prevent  a Cold  stratum  forming  on  the  floor. 
The  outdoor  life  or  the  abundant  use  of  fresh  air  is 
an  almost  certain  preventive  of  colds. 

This  fact  was  commented  upon  by  Franklin  over 
a century  ago,  and  has  been  rediscovered  many 
times  since,  especially  in  the  experience  of  army 
troops.  The  evils  of  bad  air  are  not  confined  to  its 
chemical  content.  A room  is  sometimes  “ close  ’’ 
simply  because  it  is  hot  or  overmoist  or  devoid  of 
any  air  current. 

The  effect  of  air  on  the  skin  and  of  radiation  of 
heat  from  the  body  is  important.  Consequently, 
a proper  use  of  air  involves  a proper  use  of  cloth- 
ing, which  needs  to  be  both  porous  and  light. 

Closely  connected  with  air  hygiene  is  the  hygiene 
of  light.  Where  sun  and  air  enter  seldom  the 


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243 


physician  enters  often.”  The  lighting  of  dwellings 
and  schoolrooms  is  especially  important  with  ref- 
erence to  the  eyes.  This  is  true  also  of  even  the 
color  and  texture  of  the  printed  page  we  read. 
Probably  one-fourth  of  all  educated  people  in 
America  suflFer  from  disturbances  due  more  or  less 
to  eye  strain  and  its  numerous  indirect  effects. 

The  Hygiene  of  Nutrition 

The  scientific  study  of  diet  has  only  just  begun, 
and  few  authoritative  results  can  yet  be  stated. 
That  diet  has  a distinct  relation  to  endurance  has 
been  rendered  probable  by  many  investigations, 
which  seem  to  show  in  particular  that  avoidance 
of  overeating,  and  especially  an  excess  in  protein, 
and  thorough  mastication  are  wholesome  rules. 
In  the  choice  of  foods  the  individual  must  be  given 
a wide  latitude.  His  own  instinct,  restored  and 
educated  by  avoiding  food  bolting,  which  blunts  it, 
will  probably  be  a truer  guide  than  the  wisest  of 
physiologists.  Diseased  foods,  such  as  oysters 
polluted  with  sewage,  may  transmit  typhoid  and 
other  maladies. 

Drug  Habits 

Poisons,  whether  taken  into  the  body  or 
produced  within,  are  injurious.  The  commonest 
form  of  intoxication  is  alcoholic.  Its  evils  are  be- 
coming more  apparent  than  ever  before.  As 
Metchnikoff  says,  it  lowers  the  resistance  of  the 
white  corpuscles,  which  are  the  natural  defenders 
of  the  body.  It  predisposes  to  tuberculosis,  and 
numerous  other  diseases. 

The  evils  of  tobacco  are  less,  and  are  less  appre- 
ciated. Its  stunting  effects  on  the  growing  child 
are  especially  harmful. 


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Activity  Hygiene 

It  is  an  encouraging  sign  of  the  times  that  baths 
are  coming  more  into  vogue,  both  through  the  pri- 
vate bathtub  for  the  wealthy  and  the  public  baths 
for  the  poor.  During  the  last  generation  the  im- 
portance of  exercise  has  come  to  be  acknowledged, 
due  largely  to  the  growth  of  modern  athletics.  The 
athletic  ideal  of  the  Greeks  was,  however,  higher 
than  that  which  now  prevails  in  this  country.  Over- 
exertion, physical  and  mental,  is  one  of  the  chief 
American  faults.  The  danger  signal  of  fatigue  is 
seldom  observed,  and  the  instinct  for  recreation  and 
amusement  is  often  stifled. 

Sex  Hygiene 

Undue  reticence  on  this  subject  is  responsible 
for  the  general  ignorance  as  to  the  extent  to  which 
the  abuse  of  the  sex  relation  is  injuring  this  and 
every  nation,  physically,  mentally,  and  morally. 
Syphilis  poisons  the  blood  and  affects  all  parts  of 
the  body.  It  makes  the  individual  a bad  risk  ’’ 
for  life  insurance  companies  for  several  years,  and 
is  likely  to  be  transmitted  to  others  through  a kiss 
or  through  the  use  of  a common  towel,  while  the 
danger  of  transmitting  from  husband  to  wife,  or 
vice  versa,  continues  for  many  years.  Syphilis  is 
one  of  the  few  really  hereditary  diseases,  and  the 
saddest  of  all  facts  connected  with  it  is  that  the 
guilty  parent  may  escape  and  the  innocent  children 
suffer. 

Gonorrhea,  while  usually  cured  without  appar- 
ent impairment  of  health,  destroys  fertility,  and  for 
years  after  it  has  apparently  ceased  may  be  re- 
aroused. It  is  responsible  for  a large  number  of 
the  cases  of  infantile  blindness  and  for  a larger 


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245  I 


percentage  of  many  of  the  serious  troubles  of 
women.  The  social  diseases,  while  seldom  as- 
signed as  a cause  of  death,  are  known  to  predis- 
pose to  other  diseases  and  greatly  to  shorten  life. 

THINGS  WHICH  NEED  TO  BE  DONE 

I.  The  National  Government,  the  States,  and 
the  municipalities  should  steadfastly  devote  their 
energies  and  resources  to  the  protection  of  the  peo- 
ple from  disease.  Such  protection  is  quite  as 
properly  a governmental  function  as  is  protection 
from  foreign  invasion,  from  criminals  or  from  fire. 
It  is  both  bad  policy  and  bad  economy  to  leave  this 
work  mainly  to  the  weak  and  spasmodic  efforts  of 
charity,  or  to  the  philanthropy  of  physicians. 

The  national  government  should  exercise  at 
least  three  public  health  functions:  First,  investi- 

gation; second,  the  dissemination  of  information; 
third,  administration. 

It  should  remove  the  reproach  that  more  pains 
are  now  taken  to  protect  the  health  of  farm  cattle 
than  of  human  beings.  It  should  provide  more 
and  greater  laboratories  for  research  in  preventive 
medicine  and  public  hygiene.  Provision  should 
also  be  made  for  better  and  more  universal  vital 
statistics,  without  which  it  is  impossible  to  know 
the  exact  conditions  in  an  epidemic,  or  in  general, 
the  sanitary  or  insanitary  conditions  in  any  part  of 
the  country.  It  should  aim,  as  should  state  and 
municipal  legislation,  to  procure  adequate  registra- 
tion of  births,  statistics  of  which  are  at  present 
lacking  throughout  the  United  States. 

The  National  government  should  prevent  trans- 
portation of  disease  from  State  to  State  in  the  same 
way  as  it  now  provides  for  foreign  quarantine  and 
the  protection  of  the  nation  from  the  importation 


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of  diseases  of  foreign  immigrants.  It  should  provide 
for  the  protection  of  the  passenger  in  interstate 
railway  travel  from  infection  by  his  fellow-passen- 
gers and  from  insanitary  conditions  in  sleeping 
cars,  etc. 

It  should  enact  suitable  legislation  providing 
against  pollution  of  interstate  streams. 

Health  Education 

It  should  provide  for  the  dissemination  of  in- 
formation in  regard  to  the  prevention  of  tuber- 
culosis and  other  diseases,  the  dangers  of  impure 
air,  impure  foods,  impure  milk,  imperfect  sani- 
tation, ventilation,  etc.  Just  as  now  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  supplies  specific  information 
to  the  farmer  in  respect  to  raising  crops 
or  live  stock,  so  should  one  of  the  departments, 
devoted  principally  to  health  and  education,  be 
able  to  provide  every  health  officer,  school  teacher, 
employer,  physician  and  private  family  with  specific 
information  in  regard  to  public,  domestic  and  per- 
sonal hygiene. 

It  should  provide  for  making  the  national  capital 
into  a model  sanitary  city,  free  from  sanitary  tene- 
ments and  workshops,  air  pollution,  food  pollution, 
water  pollution,  etc.,  with  a rate  of  death 
and  a rate  of  illness  among  infants,  and  among 
the  population  generally,  so  low  and  so  free  from 
epidemics  of  typhoid  or  other  diseases  as  will  arouse 
the  attention  of  the  entire  country  and  the  world. 

There  should  be  a constant  adaptation  of  the 
pure-food  laws  to  changing  conditions.  Meat  in- 
spection and  other  inspection  should  be  so  arranged 
as  to  protect  not  only  foreigners,  but  our  own  citi- 
zens. The  existing  health  agencies  of  the  govern- 
ment should  be  concentrated  in  one  department, 


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247 


better  co-ordinated  and  given  more  powers  and  ap- 
propriations. 

State  Regulation 

3.  State  boards  of  health  and  state  legislation 
should  provide  for  the  regulation  of  labor  of  women, 
should  make  physiological  conditions  for  women’s 
work  and  prevent  their  employment  before  and  after 
childbirth;  should  regulate  the  age  at  which  chil- 
dren shall  be  employed,  make  reasonable  regula- 
tions in  regard  to  hours  of  labor  and  against  the 
dangers  in  hazardous  trades,  and  especially  against 
the  particular  dangers  of  dust  and  poisonous  chem- 
icals; should  make  regulations  for  sanitation  and 
provide  inspection  of  factories,  schools,  asylums, 
prisons  and  other  public  institutions. 

Where  municipalities  have  not  the  powers  to 
enact  the  legislation  above  mentioned  with 
reference  to  local  conditions,  the  necessary  legisla- 
tion or  authority  should  be  provided  by  the  State. 
Or  where  by  reason  of  the  small  size  of  the  town 
no  efficient  local  action  is  possible,  the  State  should 
exercise  the  necessary  functions.  It  should  in  such 
cases  advise  and  supervise  local  boards  of  health. 
It  should  have  an  engineering  department  and  ad- 
vise regarding  the  construction  of  sewers  and  water 
supplies.  Pollution  of  such  supplies,  unless  en- 
tirely local,  should  be  prevented  by  the  State,  which 
should  be  equipped  with  laboratories  for  the  an- 
alysis of  water,  milk  and  other  foods. 

Suitable  legislation  should  be  passed  regulating 
the  sale  of  drugs,  especially  preparations  contain- 
ing cocaine,  opium  or  alcohol.  Legislation,  not 
too  far  in  advance  of  public  sentiment  needed  to 
enforce  it,  should  be  passed  regulating  the  sale  of 
alcoholic  beverages.  State  registration  of  births. 


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deaths  and  cases  of  illness  should  be  much  more 
general  and  efficient  than  at  present. 

Local  Health  Board  Duties 

4.  Municipal  boards  of  health  need  to  have  more 
powers  and  greater  appropriations;  less  political 
interference  and  better  trained  health  officers ; more 
support  in  public  opinion.  Their  ordinances  in  re- 
gard to  expectoration,  notification  of  infectious  dis- 
ease, etc.,  should  be  better  enforced. 

More  legislation  should  be  advocated,  passed  and 
enforced  to  the  end  that  streets  may  be  kept  clean, 
garbage  properly  removed,  sewage  properly  dis- 
posed ofj  air  pollution  of  all  kinds  prevented, 
whether  by  smoke,  street  dust,  noxious  gases  or 
any  other  source.  Noises  should  also  be  lessened. 

Municipalities  need  also  to  take  measures  to  pre- 
vent infection  being  carried  by  flies,  mosquitoes, 
other  insects  and  vermin,  and  by  prostitution.  They 
need  to  guard  with  great  care  the  water  supply, 
and  in  many  cases  to  filter  it;  they  should  make 
standards  for  milk  purity  and  enforce  them;  they 
should  also  regularly  inspect  other  foods  exposed 
for  sale;  provide  for  sanitary  inspection  of  local 
slaughterhouses,  dairies,  shops,  lodging  and 
boarding  houses,  and  other  establishments  within 
the  power  of  the  particular  municipality ; they 
should  make  and  enforce  stricter  building  laws,  es- 
pecially as  relating  to  tenements,  to  the  end  that 
dark-room  tenements  may  be  eliminated  and  all 
tenements  be  provided  with  certain  minimum  stand- 
ard requirements  as  to  light,  air  and  sanitation. 

In  the  Schools 

5.  School  children  should  be  medically  inspected 
and  school  hygiene  universally  practiced.  This  in- 


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249 


volves  better  protection  against  school  epidemics, 
better  ventilation,  light  and  cleanliness  of  the 
schoolroom,  the  discovery  and  correction  of 
adenoids,  eye  strain,  and  nervous  strain  generally, 
and  the  provision  for  playgrounds.  Sound  scien- 
tific hygiene  should  be  taught  in  all  schools. 

6,  The  curricula  of  medical  schools  should  be 
rearranged  with  a greater  emphasis  on  prevention 
and  on  the  training  of  health  officers.  Sanatoria 
and  hospitals,  dispensaries,  district  nursing,  tuber- 
culosis classes  and  other  semi-public  institutions 
should  be  increased  in  number  and  improved  in 
quality.  The  medical  profession,  keeping  pace 
with  these  changes,  should  be  the  chief  means  of 
conveying  their  benefits  to  the  public.  Universi- 
ties and  research  institutions  need  to  take  up  the 
study  of  hygiene  in  all  its  branches.  Now  that  the 
diseases  of  childhood  are  receiving  attention,  the 
next  step  should  be  to  study  the  diseases  of  middle 
life.  These  are  diseases,  to  a large  extent,  of  nutri- 
tion and  circulation. 

Corporations  May  Help 

7.  In  industrial  and  commercial  establishments 
employers  may  greatly  aid  the  health  movement, 
and  in  many  cases  make  their  philanthropy  self- 
supporting  by  providing  social  secretaries,  lunch 
and  rest  rooms,  physiological  (generally  shorter) 
hours  of  work,  provision  for  innocent  amusements, 
seats  for  women,  etc. 

Life  insurance  companies  could  properly  and 
with  much  profit  club  together  to  instruct  their 
risks  in  self-care  and  secure  general  legislation  and 
enforcement  of  legislation  in  behalf  of  public  health. 


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Change  in  Habits  of  Living 

8.  The  present  striking  change  in  personal 
habits  of  living  should  be  carried  out  to  its  logical 
conclusion  until  the  health  ideals  and  the  ideals  of 
athletic  training  shall  become  universal.  This 
change  involves  a quiet  revolution  in  habits  of  liv- 
ing, a more  intelligent  utilization  of  one’s  environ- 
ment, especially  in  regard  to  the  condition  of  the 
air  in  our  houses,  the  character  of  the  clothes  we 
wear,  of  the  site  and  architecture  of  the  dwelling 
with  respect  to  sunlight,  soil,  ventilation  and  sani- 
tation, the  character  of  food,  its  cooking,  the  use  of 
alcohol,  tobacco  and  drugs,  and  last,  but  not  least, 
sex  hygiene  in  all  its  bearings. 

9.  The  fight  against  disease  will  aid  in  the  fight 
against  pauperism  and  crime.  It  is  also  true  that 
any  measures  which  tend  to  eliminate  poverty,  vice, 
and  crime  will  tend  to  improve  sanitary  conditions. 

Marriage  of  the  Fit 

10.  Finally,  eugenics,  or  hygiene  for  future  gen- 
erations, should  be  studied  and  gradually  put  in 
practice.  This  involves  the  prohibition  of  flagrant 
cases  of  marriages  of  the  unfit,  such  as  syphilitics, 
the  insane,  feeble-minded,  epileptics,  paupers  or 
criminals,  etc.  The  example  of  Indiana  in  this  re- 
gard should  be  considered  and  followed  by  other 
States,  as  also  in  regard  to  the  unsexing  of  rapists, 
criminals,  idiots  and  degenerates  generally. 

A public  opinion  should  be  aroused  which  will 
not  only  encourage  healthy  and  discountenance  de- 
generate marriages,  but  will  become  so  embedded 
in  the  minds  of  the  rising  generation  as  to  uncon- 
sciously, but  powerfully,  affect  marriage  choices. 


INDEX 


A 


Page 


Abdominal  Pains 

Abcess  

Abcess  9f  Liver 

Acetanilid  

Aconite 

Adenoids  

Air  for  Baby . 

Air,  Need  of  Fresh 

Air  of  Sick  Room 

Albumen,  Egg 

Alcohol 

Alcohol  Habit 

Alcoholism 

Alcohol  Rub 

Alcohol  Rub  for  Baby 

Aloes 

Alum  

Ammonia 

Amyl  Nitrite 

Anaemia 

Angina  Pectoris 

Anise 

Anterior  Poliomyelitis 

Anthrax 

Antipyrin 

Antiseptics 

Antiseptics  for  General  Use. 

Anti-Toxins 

Ants,  How  to  Drive  Away .... 

Appendicitis  

Apoplexy 

Arnica 

Arsenic 

Articular  Rheumatism 

Artificial  Respiration 

Asaf  etida 

Asiatic  Cholera 

Asph3Txia 

Asthma 

Astigmatism  


...  119 
...  119 
. ..  190 
...  75 
...  75 
. ..  120 
. ..  70 
. ..  12 
. . . 49 
. ..  37 
. . . 75 
21,  151 
. ..  120 
...  51 
. . . 68 
...  76 
. ..  76 
. . . 76 
...  76 
. ..  120 
...  174 
...  77 
. ..  181 
. ..  120 
. . . 77 
...  115 
...  119 
. ..  118 
. . . 28 
...  122 
. ..  123 
...  77 
. ..  77 
. ..  212 
...  150 
. ..  78 
...  134 
...  124 
. ..  123 
...  161 


B 


Baby,  Care  of 66 

Baby,  First  Care  of 62 

Baby,  Fresh  Air  for. 70 

Bacteria  and  Disease 114 

Baldness 144 

Balsam  of  Peru 78 

Balsam  of  Tolu 78 

Barber’s  Itch 125 

Bath,  Baby’s 67 

Bath,  Cold 13 

Bathing  Benefits 13 

Bathing  for  Health 44 

Bathing  the  Sick 51 


Page 

Baths 244 

Baths,  Mustard 34 

Baths,  Sitz 48 

Baths,  Vapor 48 

Bearberry 78 

Bedbugs,  How  to  Kill 29 

Bed  Coverings  of  Sick 50 

Bees’  Honey,  Medicinal  Use  of. . . 36 

Belladonna 79 

Benzoin  79 

Bicarbonate  of  Soda 33 

Biliousness 125 

Bismuth 79 

Bladder  Diseases 126 

Bleeding,  How  to  Stop 52 

Blood  Poisoning 126 

Blue  Vitriol 87 

Board  of  Health  Duties 248 

Boil 127 

Bones,  Broken 53 

Boneset  110 

Booth,  Longevity  Recipe  of  Gen.  238 

Bowels,  Regulation  of 14 

Brandy 79 

Breasts,  Care  of 65 

Breathing,  Habits  of 12 

Bright’s  Disease 128 

Broken  Bones.  53 

Bromide  of  Potassium 80 

Bromide  of  Sodium 80 

Bromine 80 

Bronchitis  129 

Bruises 130 

Broom  80 

Bubonic  Plague 131 

Buchu 80 

Buffalo  Bugs,  How  to  Kill 30 

Bunion 131 

Burns,  Soda  for 33 


C 

Cacao  Butter 

Cafein 

Calabar  Bean 

Calendula 

Calomel  

Calumba 

Camphor  

Cancer 

Cantharides 

Carbolic  Acid 

Carbuncle 

Cascara  Sagrada. . . 

Castor  Oil 

Cataract 

Catarrh,  Nasal. ... 


. ...  81 

81 

81 

. . . . 81 

81 

. . . . 82 
. . . . 82 
132,  228 

82 

. . . . 82 

128 

. . . . 83 

83 

165 

....  203 


251 


252 


INDEX 


Page 


Catarrh,  Salt  Spray  for 

Cathartic,  Cream  of  Tartar  as  a 

Cats,  Disease  from 

Cerebro-Spinal  Meningitis 

Chalk  

Chaulmoogra 

Children’s  Diseases 

Chilblains 

Chills  and  Fever 

Cholera 

Cholera  Infantum 

Cholera  Morbus 

Chloral 

Chlorate  of  Potash 

Chloride  of  Lime  as  Disinfectant 

Chloroform 

Cigarettes 

Cirrhosis  of  Liver 

Citric  Acid 

Clay  

Cleanliness 

Cleanliness  in  Surgery 

Clothing,  Proper 

Cloves 

Cocaine  Habit 

Cockroaches,  How  to  Drive  Away 

Codein  

Cod  Liver  Oil 

Coffee 

Cold  Bath 

Colchicum  

Cold  Cream 

Colds 

Colic  

Colic,  Ginger  for 

Collodion  

Compresses  

Concussion  of  the  Brain 

Confinement  

Congestion  of  Liver 

Conjunctivitis 

Constipation  

Constipation,  How  to  Avoid 

Constipation,  Relieved  by  Water 

ConsTunption 

Consumption  Cured  While  Work- 


Contagion,  Sources  of . . . 

Conservation  of  Human  Life .... 

Convulsions 

Cooking  Soda 

Copper  Sulphate 

Corns  

Corrosive  Sublimate 

Corrosive  Sublimate  as  Disinfec- 
tant   

Cotton  Root  Bark 

Cream  of  Tartar 

Creolin  

Creosote  

Croton  Oil 

Croup  

Cubebs 

Cucumber  Cream.  

Cup,  Danger  in  Public  Drinking 

Cures  Without  Drugs 

Cut,  How  to  Dress  a 


32 

33 

25 
200 

83 

83 
113 
134 
195 

134 

135 

136 

84 
84 

26 
84 
21 

191 

84 

85 
13 
51 
16 
85 

151 

28 

85 

85 

85 
13 

86 
86 

136 

137 

34 
87 
47 

138 
56 

189 

161 

138 
15 

35 

139 


234 

22 

241 

141 
33 

87 

142 

88 


26 

88 

33 

88 

88 

88 

143 

89 

87 

25 

39 

52 


Page 

D 


Damiana  89 

Dandelion  89 

Dandruff  144 

Deafness 145 

Degeneration  of  Liver 192 

Dementia 183 

Diabetes 147 

Diet,  Proper 14 

Digitalis 89 

Diphtheria 148 

Disease,  Bacteria  of 114 

Disease  from  Public  Drinking  Cup  25 

Disease  Germs,  How  to  Kill 26 

Diseases  113 

Disinfectants 26 

Dyspepsia  154 

Dover’s  Powders 89 

Dress,  Healthful 16 

Drinking  Cup,  Disease  in  Public  25 

Drinking  Cups,  Sanitary 25 

Drinking  Water,  Benefit  from. . . 35 

Dropsy 151 

Drowning 149 

Drug  Habits .151,  243 

Drugs  72 

Drugs,  Dangers  of 39 

Dysentery  154 


E 


Ear,  Diseases  of 145 

Eating,  Fletcher’s  Rules  for 239 

Eating,  Proper 14 

Eczema 155 

Education,  Health 246 

Embolism 155 

Emetic,  Salt  as  an 32 

Environment,  Hygiene  of 242 

Epilepsy 156 

Epsom  Salts 90 

Ergot  90 

Erysipelas  157 

Ether  90 

Eugenics  250 

Eye  Diseases 159 

Exercise  for  Health 15,  244 

Exophthalmic  Goitre 169 


F 


Fainting 

Farsightedness  

Fatty  Degeneration  of  Liver 

Feeding  the  Baby 

Feet,  Protection  of 

Felon  

Fever  and  Ague 

Fever,  Typhoid 

Fever,  Typhus 

Fever,  Yellow 

Flatfoot 

Flaxseed 

Fleas,  Fumigation  for 

Fletcher’s  Rules  for  Eating 

Flies,  Disease  from 

Foot  Baths 


166 

160 

192 

69 

16 

166 

195 

228 

229 

232 

167 

90 

28 

239 

23 

48 


INDEX 


253 

Page 


Formaldehyde 

Formalin  

Formalin  for  Fumigation 

Fox  Glove 

Fractures,  How  to  Treat . 

Freezing 

Fumigation  


Page 
. 90 
. 91 
. 27 
, 89 
. 53 
, 167 
. 26 


G 


Games  for  Health 17 

Gastritis 168 

Gelsemium 91 

Gentian  91 

Geranium 91 

German  Measles 168 

Germs,  How  to  Kill 26 

Germs  in  Disease. 115 

Ginger 34,  91 

Glaucoma 164 

Glycerin 92 

Goitre 169 

Golden  Seal 92 

Gonorrhea 217,  244 

Gout 170 

Gravel  126 

Grave’s  Disease 169 

Grippe  182 


I 

Ichthyol 

Incubation  Periods 

Indian  Hemp 

Indigestion,  Soda  for 

Infant  Feeding 

Infantile  Spinal  Paralysis. . 

Infection,  Periods  of 

Inflammatory  Rheumatism 

Influenza  

Insanity 

Insect  Bites,  Soda  for 

Insect  Pests 

Insects,  Disease  from 

Insomnia  

Intermittent  Fever 

Iodine 

Iodoform  

Ipecac  


Irish  Broom 

Iritis 

Iron 

Itch 


J 

Jaundice 

Juniper 


93 

233 

93 
33 
69 

181 

233 

212 

182 

183 
33 
28 
23 

184 
195 

94 
94 

94 

95 
80 

164 

95 

185 


186 

95 


H 

Habits,  Drug 151 

Habits,  Narcotic 20 

Habits  of  Living.  250 

Habits,  Sexual 197 

Hair,  Care  of 19,  144 

Hair  Tonic 20 

Hamamelis Ill 

Hay  Fever 171 

Headache 172 

Headache  Remedies 72 

Health  Education 246 

Health,  Government  Duties  for  245 

Health,  Rules  of 12 

Heart  Diseases 173 

Heart  Failure  from  Overeating.  . 239 

Hemorrhoids 209 

Henbane 92 

Hernia  176 

Heat  Prostration 175 

Hepatitis  190 

Hiccough  177 

Hives  177 

Hoarseness 178 

Hoffmann’s  Anodyne 93 

Home  Remedies 31 

Honey,  Medicinal  Use  of 36 

Hook  Worm  Disease 178 

Hops 93 

Hot  Water,  Medicinal  Use  of . . . . 35 

Hydrastis 92 

Hydrophobia 179 

Hygiene  234 

Hygiene,  Conservation  through.  . 241 

Hysteria 181 

Hyoscyamus  92 


K 

Kephir  

Kidney  Diseases. . . . 
Kumiss 


L 

Labor,  Stages  of 

Lanolin 

Larkspur  

Laxative,  Cream  of  Tartar  as  a . . 

Lemon  Juice 36, 

Leprosy  

Lice,  Larkspur  for 

Light  in  Sick  Room 

Lightning  Stroke 

Limewater 37, 

Lip  Salve.  . 

Liquor  Habit 

Liver  Diseases 

Living  Rooms,  Heat  of 

Lockjaw 

Longevity,  Gen.  Booth’s  Recipe 


Lunar  Caustic 

Lymphatic  Glands,  Disease  of . . . 


M 

Magnesia  

Magnesia,  Salts  of.  . 

Malaria 

Malaria  Mosquitos. . 

Male  Fern 

Malignant  Tumor. . . 


95 

128 

95 


58 

96 

96 

33 

84 

187 
96 
SO 

188 
96 
87 
21 

188 

236 

193 

238 

99 

216 


96 
90 

195 

197 

97 
227 


254 


INDEX 


Page 


Mandrake 97 

Mania 183 

Marigold 81 

Marriage  of  the  Fit 250 

Marshmallow 97 

Masturbation 197 

Measles 199 

Medicine  Chest,  Articles  for 54 

Medicines 72 

Melancholia 183 

Meningitis  200 

Menthol  97 

Mercury  98 

Mice,  Disease  from 24 

Milk  Wine 95 

Mind  Power 16,  41 

Morphine  99 

Morphine  Habit 151 

Mosquitos,  Disease  from 23 

Mosquitos  in  Malaria 197 

Moths,  How  to  Kill 30 

Mumps 202 

Muscular  Rheumatism 213 

Musk 98 

Mustard,  Medicinal  Uses  of 33 

Myrrh 98 

N 

Naphthalin  99 

Narcotic  Habits 20 

Nasal  Catarrh 203 

Nearsightedness 160 

Nervous  Prostration 204 

Neuralgia 205 

Nitrate  of  Silver 99 

Nose  Bleed,  How  to  Stop 53 

Nourishment  in  Consumption.  . . 237 

N urse  ,Rulesfor 50 

Nursing  49 

Nursing,  Obstetrical 56 

Nutrition,  Hygiene  of 243 

Nux  Vomica 100 


O 


Obstetrical  Nursing 56 

Olive  Oil 37,  100 

Opium  Habit 151,  206 

Opium  Poison 206 

Overeating,  Heart  Failure  from  239 

Ox  Gall 100 

Oxygen 100 


P 

Pancreatin 

Paper  Cups 

Paregoric  

Paregoric  to  be  Avoided . . 

Pasteur  Treatment 

Parotid  Gland,  Disease  of 

Pellagra  

Pennyroyal  

Pepper 

Peppermint  

Pepsin 


. ..  101 
. . . 25 

. ..  101 
...  71 

. ..  180 
. ..  202 
. ..  207 
. ..  101 
32,  101 
. ..  102 
. ..  102 


Perihepatitis 

Permanganate  of  Potash 
Peroxide  of  Hydrogen. . . , 

Peritonitis  

Personal  Hygiene. 

Pets,  Disease  from 

Phenacetin 

Phosphorus  

Physostigma  

Piles  

Pilocarpin  

Pin  Worms 

Pipe  Smoking 

Plague,  Bubonic 

Playing  for  Health 

Pleurisy  

Pneumonia 

Podophyllum 

Poisoning,  Ptomaine . . . . , 

Pomegranate 

Poultices,  Mustard 

Pregnancy  

Ptomaine  Poisoning 

Public  Drinking  Cup 

Pumpkin  Seed 

Q 

Quassia 

Quinine 

Quinine  in  Malaria 


R 

Rabies  

Rats,  Disease  from ....... 

Rats,  How  to  Exterminate 

Recurrent  Fever 

Remedies,  Simple  Home . . 

Repose,  Habit  of 

Resorcin 

Respiration,  Artificial.  ... 

Rheumatism  

P..hubarb 

Rickets 

Ring  Worm 

Rochelle  Salt 

Round  Worms 

Rue 

Rules  of  Health 


S 

Saccharin 

Saffron  

Saint  Vitus  Dance 

Salicylic  Acid 

^Salt,  Medicinal  Uses  of . . 

Sarsaparilla  

Savin  

Scarlet  Fever 

Sehool  Hygiene 

Scleritis  

Screening  against  Insects 

Scrofula  

Scurvy,  Lemon  Juice  for. 
Sea  Sickness 


Page 
. 189 
. 102 
. 103 
. 208 
. 241 
. 25 
. 103 
. 103 
. 81 
. 209 
. 103 
. 232 
. 21 
. 131 
. 17 
. 209 
. 210 
. 97 
. 211 
. 104 
. 33 
, 56 
. 211 
, 25 
. 104 


104 

104 

197 


179 

24 

24 

195 

31 

16 

104 
150 
212 

105 

213 

214 
105 
231 
105 

12 


105 

105 
224 

106 
32 

106 

106 

215 
248 
163 

22 

216 
36 

216 


INDEX 


Page 

Seidlitz  Powder 106 

Self-Abuse  197 

Self-Control 16 

Senna  107 

Serum 117 

Sex  Hygiene 244 

Sexual  Dangers 197 

Sexual  Diseases 217 

Shingles  218 

Shortsightedness  160 

Sickness,  How  to  Avoid 11 

Sick  Room,  Arrangement  of 49 

Sitz  Baths 48 

Sleep  for  Health 12 

Sleep,  Inability  to 184 

Sleep,  Induced  by  Mustard 34 

Sleep  in  Open  Air 235 

Smallpox 219 

Smartweed 107 

Snake  Bites.. 220 

Snakeweed 107 

Soap,  Medicinal  Use  of 36 

Soda,  Medicinal  Uses  of 33 

Soothing  Syrup,  Warning  Against  7 1 

Sore  Throat 221 

Spanish  Fly 82 

Spermaceti 107 

Spotted  Fever 200 

State  H ealth  Duties 247 

Stings  222 

Straw  Itch 222 

Strychnine * 107 

Stye  224 

Suffocation 124 

Sugar  of  Milk 107 

Sulphur  108 

Sulphur  for  Fumigation 27 

Sulphuric  Acid 108 

Sunshine  for  Health 12 

Sunstroke 175 

Suppositories,  Soap 36 

Surgery 51 

Sweet  Spirits  of  Niter 108 

Syphilis 217,  244 

T 

Tannic  Acid 108 

Tansy 109 

Tapeworm 232 

Tar  109 

Tartar  Emetic 109 

Tartaric  Acid 109 

Teeth,  Care  of 18 

Temperature  of  Living  Rooms. . . 236 


Tetanus  193 

Thoroughwort 110 

Thrush,  Honey  for 36 

Thymol 110 

Tobacco,  Use  of 20 

Tonsilitis  224 

Toothache  225 

Tooth  Powder. 18 

Toxins  117 

Trachoma 162 

Traps,  Rat 24 

Trichiniasis  ..» 226 

Tubercular  Meningitis 202 

Tuberculosis  139 

Tuberculosis,  Early  Cure  for. ...  234 

Tumor  227 

Tumor,  Malignant 132 

Tumors  of  Liver 193 

Turpentine 110 

Typhoid  Fever 228 

Typhus  Fever 229 


V 


Vaccination 220 

Vapor  Baths 48 

Varicose  Veins 230 

Vaseline  112 

Veronal 112 

Ventilation  of  Sick  Room 49 

W 

Walk,  Daily  Recommended 15 

Waterbugs,  How  to  Drive  Away  29 

Water,  Contaminated 23 

Water,  Medicinal  Value  of 35 

Water  Treatments 44 

Wens 232 

Wet  Packs 47 

Whisky Ill 

White  of  Egg 37 

Whooping  Cough 231 

Wild  Cherry  Bark Ill 

Wintergreen  Ill 

Witch-Hazel  Ill 

Wound,  How  to  Dress 52 


Y 


Yellow  Fever 232 

Yellow  Root 92 

Z 

Zinc 112 


THE  LiHRAHY  OF  THE 
MAY  1 2 1933 

UNIVERSITY  BF  Ity  ■ 


